Keywords
mortality
health inequalities
How to Cite
Abstract
The objective of this article is to evaluate the differences in mortality by the group of cardiovascular diseases in the population of the municipality of São Paulo, according to socioeconomic areas between the periods of 1996 to 1998 and 2003 to 2005. The data were obtained from the
Program for Improvement of Mortality Information of the Municipality of São Paulo. The socioeconomic areas were outlined starting from the map of social inclusion for the city. Mortality coeffi cients by sex, standardized by age, were calculated for each area and period. Mortality coeffi cients decreased between periods in all socioeconomic areas. The highest coeffi cients were observed in area 3 (social exclusion), and the lowest in area 2 (social inclusion). The coeffi cient rate between periods shows an increase in the excess of mortality in the poorest area (5) relative to the wealthiest area (1), which went from +2% (1996 to 1998) to +38% (2003 to 2005) in the male population and from -21% to +7% in the female, respectively. The social inequality in cardiovascular mortality, evaluated by the changes of gradient of the coefficients between socioeconomic areas of residence increased between periods. This inequality was greater in the male population compared to the female.
References
2. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Prevenção clínica de doença cardiovascular, cerebrovascular e renal crônica. Cadernos de Atenção Básica 2006; (14).
3. Diez-Roux AV, Stein Merkin S, Arnett D et al. Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345: 99-106.
4. Dragano N, Bobak M, Weget N, Peasey A, Verde PE, Kubinova R et al. Neighbourhood socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors: a multilevel analysis of nine cities in the Czech Republic and Germany. BMC Public Health 2007;7: 255.
5. Farias N, Souza JMP, Laurenti R, Alencar SM. Cardiovascular mortality by gender and age range in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1996 to 1998, and 2003 to 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 23(5):461-7.
6. Godoy MF et al. Mortalidade por Doenças Cardiovasculares e Níveis Socioeconômicos na População de São José do Rio Preto, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(2): 200-6.
7. Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I. How far are socioeconomic differences in coronary heart disease hospitalization, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality among adult Swedish males attributable to negative childhood circumstances and behaviour in adolescence?
International Journal of Epidemiology 2005; 34:260-7.
8. Hyyppä MT, Mäki J, Impivaara O, Aromaa A. Individuallevel measures of social capital as predictors of allcause and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective study of men and women in Finland. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22:589-97.
9. Ishitani LH, Franco GL, Perpétuo IHO. França E. Desigualdade social e mortalidade precoce por doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 2006; 40(4): 684-91.
10. Lolio CA, Souza JMP, Laurenti R. Decline in cardiovascular disease mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1970 to 1983. Rev Saúde Pública. 1986; 20 (6): 454-64.
11. Mackenbach JP, Cavelaars AEJM, Kunst AE, Groenhof F. Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease mortality. European Heart Journal 2000; 21, 1141-51.
12. Marmot MG, Mcdowall ME. Mortality decline and widening social inequalities.Lancet 1986; 328: 274-6.
13. Nogueira MC, Ribeiro LC, Cruz OG. Desigualdades sociais na mortalidade cardiovascular precoce em um município de médio porte no Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25(11):2321-32.
14. Organização Mundial de Saúde. Classifi cação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. 10ª rev. São Paulo: Edusp; 1993.
15. Regidor E, Lostao L, Pascual C, Martínez D, Calle ME, Domínguez V. Income in large residential areas and premature mortality in six countries of the European Union. Health Policy 2005;75:99-108.
16. Singh GK, Siahpush M. Incresing inequalities in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adultes aged 25-64 years by area socioeconomic status, 1969-1998. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:600-13.
17. Sposati A. O mapa da exclusão. In: Izique C. Pesq FAPESP 2003; 83: 15-20.
18. Vartiainien E, Pekkanen J, Koskinen S, Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Puska P. Do changes in cardiovascular risk factors explain the increasing socioeconomic difference in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland? J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52:416-9.
19. Yen IH, Syme SL. The social environment and health: A discussion of the epidemiologic literature. Annu Rev Public Health 1999: 20:287-308.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2010 Norma Farias, Ruy Laurent, Marcia Moreira Holcman