Abstract
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References
ADAMI, C. & Brown, C. T.Evolutionary learning in the 2D artifi cial life system ‘Avida’. In: Brooks, R. & Maes, P. (Org.), Artifi cial Life IV, The MIT Press, pp. 377-381, 1994.
BEDAU, M. Artifi cial life: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), pp. 505-512, 2003.
BEDAU, M. A., McCaskill, J. S., Packard, N. H., Rasmussen, S., Adami, C., Green, D. G., Ikegami, T., Kaneko, K. & Ray, T. S. Open problems in artifi cial life. Artifi cial Life VI, pp. 363–376, 2000.
BENI, G. & Wang, J. Swarm Intelligence. Proc. of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Robotics Society of Japan, pp. 425−428,1989.
BENTLEY, P. J. & Corne, D. W. Creative Evolutionary Systems. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
BODEN, M. A. Artifi cial Life. In: Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil (Org.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books, pp. 37-29, 2001.
BONABEAU, E. W. & Theraulaz, G. Why Do We Need Artifi cial Life? Artifi cial Life, 1(3), MIT Press, pp. 303-325, 1994.
BONABEAU, E., Guérin, S., Snyers, D., Kuntz, P. and Theraulaz, G. Three-Dimensional Architectures Grown by Simple ‘Stigmergic’
Agents. BioSystems, 56(2000), pp. 13–32, 2000.
BONABEAU, E., Theraulaz, G., Arpin, E. & Sardet, E. The Building Behavior of Lattice Swarms. In R. A. Brooks and P. Maes (Org.), Artifi cial Life IV, pp. 307–312, 1994.
BONABEAU, E., Dorigo, M. and Théraulaz, G. Swarm Intelligence from Natural to Artifi cial Systems, Oxford University Press, 1999.
CAMAZINE, S., Deneuborg, J., Franks, N. R., Sneyd, J., Theraulaz, G. & Bonabeau, E. Self-organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press, 2001.
CAZANGI, R. R., Von Zuben, F. J. & Figueiredo, M. F. Stigmergic Autonomous Navigation in Collective Robotics. In: A. Abraham, C. Grosan & V. Ramos (Org.), Stigmergic Optimization, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2006, pp. 25-64.
CHRISTIANSEN, M. & Kirby, S. Language and evolution: consensus and controversies. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7(7), pp. 300–307, 2003.
CLIFF D. Computational Neuroethology. In Arbib, M. (Org.) The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1998, pp. 626-630.
CONRAD, M. & Pattee, H. H. Evolution experiments with an artifi cial ecosystem. Journal of Theoretical Biology 28, pp. 393-409, 1970.
CRUTCHFIELD, J. The calculi of emergence: Computation, dynamics, and induction. Physica D, 75, pp. 11-54, 1994a.
CRUTCHFIELD, J. Is anything ever new? Considering emergence. In G. Cowan, D. Pines & D. Melzner (Org.): Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, XIX, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1994b, pp. 479-497.
DE CASTRO, L. N. Fundamentals of Natural Computing: Basic Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2006.
DE CASTRO, L. N. & Timmis, J. I. Artifi cial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Approach, Springer-Verlag: London, 2002.DEAN, J. Animats and what they can tell us. TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 2 (2), pp. 60-67, 1998.
DECKER, E. H. Self-Organizing Systems: A Tutorial in Complexity. Vivek: A Quarterly in Artifi cial Intelligence, 13(1), pp. 14–25, 2000.
DEPEW, D. & B. Weber. Self-Organization. In: Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil (Org.) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1999, pp. 737-739.
DORIGO, M. & Stützle, T. Ant Colony Optimization, MIT Press, 2004.
EL-HANI, C. N. & Videira, A. A. P. (Orgs.) O que é vida? Para entender a biologia do século XXI, Rio de Janeiro, Faperj/Relume Dumará, 2000.
EMMECHE, C. Life as an abstract phenomenon: is Artifi cial Life possible? In: Francisco J. Varela & Paul Bourgine (Orgs.), Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artifi cial Life. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1992, pp. 466-474.
EMMECHE, C. Aspects of Complexity in Life and Science. Philosophica, 59(1), pp. 41–68, 1997.
EMMECHE, C., Koppe, S. &and Stjernfelt, F. Explaining Emergence: Towards an Ontology of Levels. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 28, pp. 83–119, 1997.
ENSEMBLE STUDIOS. Age of Empires III, http://www.ageofempires3.com/, 2005.
FARMER, J. D. & Belin, A. d’A. Artifi cial Life: The Coming Evolution. In: C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (eds.), Artifi cial Life II, 1991, pp. 815–840.
FIRAXIS GAMES. Civilization IV http://www.2kgames.com/civ4/home. htm, 2005.
FOGEL, D. B. (Org.) Evolutionary Computation: The Fossil Record. IEEE Press, New York, 1998.
FOUKIA, N. & Hassas, S. Towards self-organizing computer networks: A complex system perspective. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organizaing Applications 2003, Melbourne, Australia.
GOLDENFELD, N. and Kadanoff, L. P. Simple Lessons from Complexity. Science, 284(5411), pp. 87–89, 1999.
GORDON, D. Ants at Work: How an Insect Society is Organized, W. W. Norton, New York, 1999.
HAYKIN, S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.
HEYLIGEN, F. Self-organization, emergence and the architecture of complexity. In: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on System Science, Paris, 1989.
HEYLIGEN, F. The science of self-organisation and adaptivity. In: The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. UNESCO Publishing-Eolss Publishers, 2002.
HOLLAND, J. Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, 1998.
HOLLAND, J. Adaptation in Natural and Artifi cial Systems, MIT Press, 1975.
KEELEY, B. L. Evaluating Artifi cial Life and Artifi cial Organisms. In: C. Langton and K. Shimohara (Org.), Artifi cial Life V, Addison-Wesley, 1997, pp. 264–271.
KENNEDY, J., Eberhart, R. &and Shi. Y. Swarm Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001.
KIRBY, S. Natural language from artifi cial life. Artif. Life VIII, pp. 185–215, 2002.
KUBE, C. R. & Zhang, H. Collective Robotic Intelligence. In From Animals to Animats: Int. Conf. on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp. 460–468, 1992.
KUBE, C. R. & Zhang, H. Collective Robotics: From Social Insects to Robots. Adaptive Behavior, 2, pp. 189–218, 1994.
KUBE, C. R., Parker, C. A. C., Wang, T. and Zhang, H. Biologically Inspired Collective Robotics. In: L. N. de Castro and F. J. Von Zuben (Org.), Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing, Idea Group Publishing, Chapter XV, 2004, pp. 367–397.
LANDICK, R. & Yanofsky, C. Transcription attenuation. In: Neidhardt, F. C. (ed) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular andmolecular biology, Vol.2, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 1987, pp. 1276-1301.
LANGTON, C. G. Artifi cial life. In: Langton (Org.) Artifi cial Life (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Vol. VI), Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, California, 1989, pp. 1-47.
LASZLO, E. Evolution. Boston: Shambhala, 1987.
MALEY, C. C. Four steps toward open-ended evolution. In: Banzhaf, W., Daida, J., Eiben, A. E., Garzon, M. H., Honavar, V., Jakiela, M. & Smith, R. E. (Org.), Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Morgam Kaufmann, 1999, pp. 1336-1343.
MAXIS. SimCity 4, http://simcity.ea.com/, 2003.
MACLENNAN B. Synthetic ethology: a new tool for investigating animal cognition. In: Bekoff M., Allen C., Burghardt G. (Org.), The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition.
MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 2002, pp. 151-156.
MORGAN, C. L. Emergent Evolution, London: Williams and Norgate, 1923.
MOSTEFAOUI, S.K., Rana, O.F., Foukia, N., Hassas, S., Marzo, G.D., Aart, C.V. & Karageorgos, A. Self-Organising Applications: A Survey. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organising Applications 2003.
NOLFI, S. & Floreano, D. Evolutionary Robotics: the Biology, Intelligence and Technology of Self-Organizing Machines, MIT Press, 2000.
NOLFI, S. & Floreano, D. Synthesis of autonomous robots through evolution. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, pp. 31–37, 2002.
ODELL, J. Agents and complex systems. Journal of Object Technology, 1(2), pp. 35–45, 2002.
OFRIA, C. & Wilke, C. O. Avida: a software platform for research in computational evolutionary biology. Artifi cial Life X, pp. 191–229, 2004.
O’NEILL, B. Digital Evolution. PLoS Biol, 1(1): e8, 2003.
RAY, T. S. & Hart, J. Evolution of differentiated multi-threaded digital organisms. Artifi cial Life VI, pp. 295-304, 1998.
RAY, T. S. An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology: Zen and the art of creating life. Artifi cial Life, 1(1/2), pp. 195-226, 1994.
RENNARD, J.-Ph. Perspective for Strong Artifi cial Life in De Castro. In: L. N. de Castro & F. J. Von Zuben (Eds), Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing, Hershey:IGP, pp. 301-318, 2004.
REYNOLDS, C. W. Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model. In Computer Graphics, 21(4) (SIGGRAPH ‘87 Conference Proceedings), pp. 25-34, 1987.
SCIENCE. Special Issue on Complex Systems, Science Magazine, 284(5411), 1999.
SHALIZI, C. R. Causal Architecture, Complexity and Self-Organization in Time Series and Cellular Automata. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 2001.
SIMS, K. Evolving virtual creatures. In: Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series (SIGGRAPH’94), pp. 15-22, 1994.
TAYLOR, T. & Massey, C. Recent developments in the evolution of morphologies and controllers for physically simulated creatures. Artifi - cial Life VII, pp. 77–87, 2001.
TBA e Maxis. Spore, http://www.spore.com/, 2007.
THERAULAZ, G. & Bonabeau, E. Modeling the Collective Building of Complex Architectures in Social Insects with Lattice Swarms. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 177, pp. 381–400, 1995.
VON NEUMANN, J. Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata. Edited and completed by A.W. Burks. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1966.
WILKE, C. O. & Adami, C. The biology of digital organisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, pp. 528-532, 2002.
WOLF, T. D. & Holvoet, T. Emergence versus self-organisation: Different concepts but promising when combined. In: Engineering Self-Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3464, pp. 1-15, 2004.
BEDAU, M. Artifi cial life: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), pp. 505-512, 2003.
BEDAU, M. A., McCaskill, J. S., Packard, N. H., Rasmussen, S., Adami, C., Green, D. G., Ikegami, T., Kaneko, K. & Ray, T. S. Open problems in artifi cial life. Artifi cial Life VI, pp. 363–376, 2000.
BENI, G. & Wang, J. Swarm Intelligence. Proc. of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Robotics Society of Japan, pp. 425−428,1989.
BENTLEY, P. J. & Corne, D. W. Creative Evolutionary Systems. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
BODEN, M. A. Artifi cial Life. In: Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil (Org.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books, pp. 37-29, 2001.
BONABEAU, E. W. & Theraulaz, G. Why Do We Need Artifi cial Life? Artifi cial Life, 1(3), MIT Press, pp. 303-325, 1994.
BONABEAU, E., Guérin, S., Snyers, D., Kuntz, P. and Theraulaz, G. Three-Dimensional Architectures Grown by Simple ‘Stigmergic’
Agents. BioSystems, 56(2000), pp. 13–32, 2000.
BONABEAU, E., Theraulaz, G., Arpin, E. & Sardet, E. The Building Behavior of Lattice Swarms. In R. A. Brooks and P. Maes (Org.), Artifi cial Life IV, pp. 307–312, 1994.
BONABEAU, E., Dorigo, M. and Théraulaz, G. Swarm Intelligence from Natural to Artifi cial Systems, Oxford University Press, 1999.
CAMAZINE, S., Deneuborg, J., Franks, N. R., Sneyd, J., Theraulaz, G. & Bonabeau, E. Self-organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press, 2001.
CAZANGI, R. R., Von Zuben, F. J. & Figueiredo, M. F. Stigmergic Autonomous Navigation in Collective Robotics. In: A. Abraham, C. Grosan & V. Ramos (Org.), Stigmergic Optimization, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2006, pp. 25-64.
CHRISTIANSEN, M. & Kirby, S. Language and evolution: consensus and controversies. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7(7), pp. 300–307, 2003.
CLIFF D. Computational Neuroethology. In Arbib, M. (Org.) The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1998, pp. 626-630.
CONRAD, M. & Pattee, H. H. Evolution experiments with an artifi cial ecosystem. Journal of Theoretical Biology 28, pp. 393-409, 1970.
CRUTCHFIELD, J. The calculi of emergence: Computation, dynamics, and induction. Physica D, 75, pp. 11-54, 1994a.
CRUTCHFIELD, J. Is anything ever new? Considering emergence. In G. Cowan, D. Pines & D. Melzner (Org.): Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, XIX, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1994b, pp. 479-497.
DE CASTRO, L. N. Fundamentals of Natural Computing: Basic Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2006.
DE CASTRO, L. N. & Timmis, J. I. Artifi cial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Approach, Springer-Verlag: London, 2002.DEAN, J. Animats and what they can tell us. TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 2 (2), pp. 60-67, 1998.
DECKER, E. H. Self-Organizing Systems: A Tutorial in Complexity. Vivek: A Quarterly in Artifi cial Intelligence, 13(1), pp. 14–25, 2000.
DEPEW, D. & B. Weber. Self-Organization. In: Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil (Org.) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1999, pp. 737-739.
DORIGO, M. & Stützle, T. Ant Colony Optimization, MIT Press, 2004.
EL-HANI, C. N. & Videira, A. A. P. (Orgs.) O que é vida? Para entender a biologia do século XXI, Rio de Janeiro, Faperj/Relume Dumará, 2000.
EMMECHE, C. Life as an abstract phenomenon: is Artifi cial Life possible? In: Francisco J. Varela & Paul Bourgine (Orgs.), Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artifi cial Life. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1992, pp. 466-474.
EMMECHE, C. Aspects of Complexity in Life and Science. Philosophica, 59(1), pp. 41–68, 1997.
EMMECHE, C., Koppe, S. &and Stjernfelt, F. Explaining Emergence: Towards an Ontology of Levels. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 28, pp. 83–119, 1997.
ENSEMBLE STUDIOS. Age of Empires III, http://www.ageofempires3.com/, 2005.
FARMER, J. D. & Belin, A. d’A. Artifi cial Life: The Coming Evolution. In: C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (eds.), Artifi cial Life II, 1991, pp. 815–840.
FIRAXIS GAMES. Civilization IV http://www.2kgames.com/civ4/home. htm, 2005.
FOGEL, D. B. (Org.) Evolutionary Computation: The Fossil Record. IEEE Press, New York, 1998.
FOUKIA, N. & Hassas, S. Towards self-organizing computer networks: A complex system perspective. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organizaing Applications 2003, Melbourne, Australia.
GOLDENFELD, N. and Kadanoff, L. P. Simple Lessons from Complexity. Science, 284(5411), pp. 87–89, 1999.
GORDON, D. Ants at Work: How an Insect Society is Organized, W. W. Norton, New York, 1999.
HAYKIN, S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.
HEYLIGEN, F. Self-organization, emergence and the architecture of complexity. In: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on System Science, Paris, 1989.
HEYLIGEN, F. The science of self-organisation and adaptivity. In: The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. UNESCO Publishing-Eolss Publishers, 2002.
HOLLAND, J. Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, 1998.
HOLLAND, J. Adaptation in Natural and Artifi cial Systems, MIT Press, 1975.
KEELEY, B. L. Evaluating Artifi cial Life and Artifi cial Organisms. In: C. Langton and K. Shimohara (Org.), Artifi cial Life V, Addison-Wesley, 1997, pp. 264–271.
KENNEDY, J., Eberhart, R. &and Shi. Y. Swarm Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001.
KIRBY, S. Natural language from artifi cial life. Artif. Life VIII, pp. 185–215, 2002.
KUBE, C. R. & Zhang, H. Collective Robotic Intelligence. In From Animals to Animats: Int. Conf. on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp. 460–468, 1992.
KUBE, C. R. & Zhang, H. Collective Robotics: From Social Insects to Robots. Adaptive Behavior, 2, pp. 189–218, 1994.
KUBE, C. R., Parker, C. A. C., Wang, T. and Zhang, H. Biologically Inspired Collective Robotics. In: L. N. de Castro and F. J. Von Zuben (Org.), Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing, Idea Group Publishing, Chapter XV, 2004, pp. 367–397.
LANDICK, R. & Yanofsky, C. Transcription attenuation. In: Neidhardt, F. C. (ed) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular andmolecular biology, Vol.2, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 1987, pp. 1276-1301.
LANGTON, C. G. Artifi cial life. In: Langton (Org.) Artifi cial Life (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Vol. VI), Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, California, 1989, pp. 1-47.
LASZLO, E. Evolution. Boston: Shambhala, 1987.
MALEY, C. C. Four steps toward open-ended evolution. In: Banzhaf, W., Daida, J., Eiben, A. E., Garzon, M. H., Honavar, V., Jakiela, M. & Smith, R. E. (Org.), Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Morgam Kaufmann, 1999, pp. 1336-1343.
MAXIS. SimCity 4, http://simcity.ea.com/, 2003.
MACLENNAN B. Synthetic ethology: a new tool for investigating animal cognition. In: Bekoff M., Allen C., Burghardt G. (Org.), The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition.
MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 2002, pp. 151-156.
MORGAN, C. L. Emergent Evolution, London: Williams and Norgate, 1923.
MOSTEFAOUI, S.K., Rana, O.F., Foukia, N., Hassas, S., Marzo, G.D., Aart, C.V. & Karageorgos, A. Self-Organising Applications: A Survey. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organising Applications 2003.
NOLFI, S. & Floreano, D. Evolutionary Robotics: the Biology, Intelligence and Technology of Self-Organizing Machines, MIT Press, 2000.
NOLFI, S. & Floreano, D. Synthesis of autonomous robots through evolution. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, pp. 31–37, 2002.
ODELL, J. Agents and complex systems. Journal of Object Technology, 1(2), pp. 35–45, 2002.
OFRIA, C. & Wilke, C. O. Avida: a software platform for research in computational evolutionary biology. Artifi cial Life X, pp. 191–229, 2004.
O’NEILL, B. Digital Evolution. PLoS Biol, 1(1): e8, 2003.
RAY, T. S. & Hart, J. Evolution of differentiated multi-threaded digital organisms. Artifi cial Life VI, pp. 295-304, 1998.
RAY, T. S. An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology: Zen and the art of creating life. Artifi cial Life, 1(1/2), pp. 195-226, 1994.
RENNARD, J.-Ph. Perspective for Strong Artifi cial Life in De Castro. In: L. N. de Castro & F. J. Von Zuben (Eds), Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing, Hershey:IGP, pp. 301-318, 2004.
REYNOLDS, C. W. Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model. In Computer Graphics, 21(4) (SIGGRAPH ‘87 Conference Proceedings), pp. 25-34, 1987.
SCIENCE. Special Issue on Complex Systems, Science Magazine, 284(5411), 1999.
SHALIZI, C. R. Causal Architecture, Complexity and Self-Organization in Time Series and Cellular Automata. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 2001.
SIMS, K. Evolving virtual creatures. In: Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series (SIGGRAPH’94), pp. 15-22, 1994.
TAYLOR, T. & Massey, C. Recent developments in the evolution of morphologies and controllers for physically simulated creatures. Artifi - cial Life VII, pp. 77–87, 2001.
TBA e Maxis. Spore, http://www.spore.com/, 2007.
THERAULAZ, G. & Bonabeau, E. Modeling the Collective Building of Complex Architectures in Social Insects with Lattice Swarms. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 177, pp. 381–400, 1995.
VON NEUMANN, J. Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata. Edited and completed by A.W. Burks. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1966.
WILKE, C. O. & Adami, C. The biology of digital organisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, pp. 528-532, 2002.
WOLF, T. D. & Holvoet, T. Emergence versus self-organisation: Different concepts but promising when combined. In: Engineering Self-Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3464, pp. 1-15, 2004.
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