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Abstract
Meningococcal disease (MD) is transmitted by respiratory droplets and caused by Neisseria meningitidis or meningococcus. The external structure of the bacterial membrane is formed by a polysaccharide, which added to the antigenic proteins define meningococcal serogroups, important factors in immunogenicity. In the world, among the existing thirteen serogroups, five (A, B, C, Y and W) are the cause of MD. The defense mechanisms of the host organism against disease are the activation of the coagulation and complement cascades. The portion’s exchange of the antigenic bacterial surface hampers the elimination of the micro-organism that causes MD. Although affecting all age groups it has higher incidence among children under five years old, mainly those under one year old. For this reason, group-specific vaccination is the most indicated method to prevent meningococcal epidemics that may have different levels of incidence in each continent. There is still no effective vaccine for infants against serogroup B due to the antigenic similarity of the meningococcus B cells with host tissue. This bacterial serogroup is poorly immunogenic, inducing immune tolerance among hosts. In order to develop effective methods of protection against meningococcus B, groups of researchers have conducted several investigations using pure polysaccharide vaccines, conjugate and bacterial proteins with similar molecular characteristics, without good results. In contrast, the promising discovery of reverse vaccinology in 2000 had a positive impact. Through bacterial genome sequencing, it was possible to detect antigens conserved in different meningococcal strains, which can help producing more effective vaccines against these serogroups.
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Copyright (c) 2014 Raphael Gonçalves Nicésio, Denise Fusco Marques, Elisabete Cardiga Alves, Ivete Aparecida Zago Castanheira de Almeida