Abstract
Leishmania/HIV co-infection is reported in more than 48 countries. The largest number of cases of this new nosological entity is concentrated in the Mediterranean region, and visceral leishmaniosis is the major clinical form of the disease. It occurs especially among intravenous drug abusers infected by HIV, with a prevalence rate 500 times higher than among the population who is HIV seronegative. In this proportion of co-infected, leishmaniosis transmission may occur by sharing of syringes and there are, also, atypical manifestations with the impairment of organs which, in general, are not attacked. Atypical epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of patients with HIV/Aids in this region include leishmaniosis as a disease than can define Aids. In Brazil, in some clinical situations, tegumentar leishmaniosis presents a typical opportunistic behavior, although there is no consensus to incriminate this disease as such.
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