Lipídios totais e ácidos graxos na informação nutricional do rótulo dos alimentos embalados: aspectos sobre legislação e quantificação
PDF

Palavras-chave

lipídios
ácidos graxos
métodos/determinação
rotulagem nutricional
legislação

Como Citar

1.
Aued-Pimentel S, Zenebon O. Lipídios totais e ácidos graxos na informação nutricional do rótulo dos alimentos embalados: aspectos sobre legislação e quantificação. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz [Internet]. 1º de abril de 2009 [citado 29º de março de 2024];68(2):167-81. Disponível em: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/RIAL/article/view/32714

Resumo

A ingestão excessiva de ácidos graxos saturados e trans na dieta tem sido correlacionada ao aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. No Brasil, conforme a Resolução RDC 360/03 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) é exigida a declaração do teor de gordura total (GT) ou lipídios, ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) e trans (AGT) na rotulagem dos alimentos embalados, entre outros nutrientes, como estratégia de prevenção das doenças crônicas. Cabe aos laboratórios oficiais verificarem os teores declarados por meio da análise. No entanto, não estão uniformizadas as definições quanto aos componentes lipídicos, tão pouco quanto aos métodos analíticos a serem adotados, inclusive nos laboratórios brasileiros. Considerando-se as exigências legais, a diversidade dos métodos analíticos disponíveis e, principalmente, o direito do consumidor de obter informações confiáveis, a presente revisão teve como objetivo abordar aspectos sobre a legislação de rotulagem nutricional obrigatória dos alimentos, bem como sobre as etapas críticas dos métodos analíticos de quantificação dos componentes lipídicos. Estas etapas podem levar a divergências significativas nos teores obtidos para os nutrientes. Reforçam-se as evidências da necessidade de padronização das metodologias nos laboratórios brasileiros. Tal padronização contribuirá para garantir o direito do consumidor em obter informações uniformes e exatas sobre os alimentos que adquire, e possibilitará a escolha dos mais saudáveis, além de favorecer a inserção dos produtos brasileiros no mercado internacional.

https://doi.org/10.53393/rial.2009.v68.32714
PDF

Referências

1. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC nº 360, de 23 de dezembro de 2003. Dispõe sobre o Regulamento Técnico sobre Rotulagem Nutricional de Alimentos Embalados. Diário Oficial [da] Republica Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, p.33-4, . 26 de dez. 2003. Seção 1.

2. Hawke C. Nutrition labels and health claims: the global regulatory environment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.

3. Organización Mundial de la Salud - OMS - Estrategia mundial sobre régimen alimentario, actividad física e salud. 57° Asamblea Mundial de la Salud Ginebra; 2004 (WHA 57.17).

4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. – OMS. Dieta, nutrición y prevención de enfermedades crónicas. Ginebra; 2003 (Serie de informes técnicos. 916).

5. Federal Register, Washington, Food and Drug Administration, Food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling; consumer research to consider nutrient content and health claims and possible footnote or disclosure statements. Final rule and proposed rule. Acesso em: 12 out. 2003. Disponível em: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov.

6. Federal Register, Washington, Food and Drug Administration. Nutritional and Labeling Educational Act. NLEA. 1990; 55, 29487.

7. Offi cial Methods of Analysis of AOAC. 18th ed., Gaithersburg: AOAC International, 2005.

8. Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown HA, Glass CK, Merril AH, Murphy RC et al. A comprehensive classifi cation system for lipids. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:840-61.

9. Curi R, Pompeia C, Miyasaka CK, Procópio J. Entendendo as gorduras – os ácidos graxos. 1a ed., São Paulo: Ed. Manole 2002 580p.

10. Simpoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet the omega6/omega3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharm 2006; 60:502-507.

11. Ascherio A, Katan MB, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC. Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med.1999;340:1994–8.

12. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett, WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 2006; 354:1601-13.

13. Martinez TLR, Santos RD, Armaganijan D,Torres KP, Loure-Vale A, Magalhães ME et al. National alert campaign about increased cholesterol, determination of cholesterol levels in 81,262 Brazilians. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 80:635-8.

14. Hulshof K, Erp-Baart MA, Anttolainen M, Becker W, Church SM, Couet C et al. Intake of fat and fatty acids in Western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the transfair study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53,143-57.

15. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária. Portaria nº 27 de 13 de janeiro de 1998. Aprova regulamento técnico referente à Informação nutricional complementar (declarações relacionadas ao conteúdo de nutrientes), constantes do anexo desta portaria. Diário Oficial [da] Republica Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, p. 1 - E-4 de 16 de jan. 1998. Seção 1-E.

16. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC nº 40, de 21 março de 2001. Dispõe sobre Regulamento Técnico Obrigatório sobre rotulagem nutricional de alimentos e bebidas embalados. Diário Oficial [da] Republica Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, p.22-5, 22 de mar. 2001. Seção 1.

17. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC nº 359, de 23 dez. 2003. Dispõe sobre o regulamento técnico sobre porções de alimentos embalados para fins de rotulagem nutricional. . Diário Oficial [da] Republica Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, p.34-7, 26 de dez. 2003. Seção 1.

18. Federal Register, Washington, Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: mandatory status of nutrition labeling and nutrient content revision, format for nutritional label. Part 101- Food labeling. 1993; 58: 2175-205.

19. Mancini-Filho J, Takemoto E, Aued-Pimentel S. Parâmetros de identidade e qualidade de óleos e gorduras. In: Almeida-Muradian LB, Penteado MVC. Vigilância sanitária: tópicos sobre legislação e análise de alimentos. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2007 p. 81-107.

20. Leth T, Jensen HG, Mikkelsen AE, Bysted A. The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid contentin Danish food. Atherosclerosis (Suppl) 2006; 7:53-6.

21. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA [ Sistema de Perguntas e Respostas]. Gordura trans FAQ 1571. [Acesso em 16 set 2007]. Disponível em: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/faqdinamica.

22. Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Delmonte P,Yurawecz MP, Rader JI. Offi cial methods for the determination of trans fat. Champaign: AOCS press 2003.

23. Carpenter DM, Ngeh-Ngwainbi J, Lee S. Lipid Analysis. In: Carpenter DE, Sullivan DM. Methods of analysis for nutritional labeling. Arlington: AOAC International 1993 p 85-104.

24. Antoniassi R, Lago RCA. Lipid Extraction from different Matrices. In: International workshop on fats, oils and oilseed analysis. Rio de Janeiro: IUPAC 2000. p.160-8.

25. Lago RC, Piombo G, Antoniassi R. Lipid extraction from different matrices. In: IUPAC/AOCS Workshop on fats oils and oilseeds, analysis and production. Tunis, Tunísia. 6-8 dez. Conferência. 2004.

26. Aued-PimentelS, Kus MMM, Kumagai EE, Ruvieri V, Zenebon O. Comparison of gas chromatographic and gravimetric methods for quantization of total fat and fatty acids in foodstuffs. Química Nova (no prelo, on-line).

27. Kus MMM, Aued-Pimentel S, Mancini-Filho J. Compa ração de metodologias analíticas para a determinação de lipídios e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados por cromatografi a gasosa em fórmula infantil. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 2009; 68 (1):12-20.

28. Lobanco CM, VedovatoGM, Cano C, Bastos DHM.Fidedignidade de rótulos de alimentos comercializados no município de São Paulo, SP Rev Saúde Pública 2009; 43:499-505.

29. Lutheia DL. Oil extraction and analysis. Critical issues and comparative studies, Champaign (IL): AOCS press 2004.

30. Report of the AOAC International task forces on methods for nutrient labeling analysis. J AOAC. 1993; 76:180A-201A.

31. Instituto Adolfo Lutz (São Paulo - Brasil). Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos: normas analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. 4ª ed. Brasília (DF): ANVISA; 2005.

32. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid. Extraction and purifi cation. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959; 37:911-7.

33. Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS. A simple method for the isolation and purifi cation of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957; 226: 497-509.

34. Christie WW. The lipid library. 2006 [Acesso em: 11 nov. 2006] Disponível em: http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/infores/lipids.htm.

35. Pérez-Palacio T, Ruiz J, Martin D, Murial E, Antequera T. Comparison of different methods for total lipid quantification in meat and meat products. Food Chemistry. 2008; 110: 1025-9.

36. Iverson SJ, Lang SLC, Cooper MH. Comparison of the Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue. Lipids. 2001; 36:1283 -7.

37. Ametaj BN, Bobe G, Lu Y, Young JW, Beitz DC. Effect of sample preparation, length of time and sample size on quantification of total lipids from bovine liver. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51:2105- 10.

38. Ngeh-Ngwainbi J, Lin J, Chandler A. Determination of total, saturated, unsaturated, and monounsaturated fats in cereal products by acid hydrolysis and capillary gas chromatography: colaborative study. J AOAC Int. 1997; 80:359-72.

39. House SD, Larson PA, Johnson RR, DeVries JW, Martin DL. Gas chromatographic determination of total fat extracted from food samples using hydrolysis in the presence of antioxidants. JAOAC Int. 1994; 77:960-5.

40. House SD. Determination of total, saturated and monounsaturated fats in foodstuffs by hydrolytic extraction and gas chromatographic quantitation: collaborative study. JAOAC Int .1997; 80:555-563.

41. Carrapiso AI, Garcia C. Development in lipid analysis: some new extraction techniques and in situ tranesterification. Lipids. 2000; 35:1167-77.

42. Christie WW. Preparation of esters derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In: Advances in lipid methodology – two. 1993 p.69-111. [Acesso em: 05 out.2004]. Disponível em: http://www.lipid.co.uk/infores/topics/methests/index.htm.

43. Kramer JKG, Fellner V, Dugan MER, Sauer FD, Massoba MM, Yurawecz MP. Evaluating acid and base catalysis in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids 1997 32:1220-8.

44. Aued-Pimentel S, LagoJHG, Chaves MH, Kumagai EE. Evaluation of a methylation procedure to determine cyclopropenoids fatty acids from Sterculia striata st. Hil. et Nauds seed oil.J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1054: 235-9.

45. Ratnayake WMN. Overview of methods for the determination of trans fatty acids by gas chromatography, silver-ion thin layer chromatography, silver-ion liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. JAOAC Int. 2004; 87: 523-39.

46. Aued-Pimentel S, Kumagai EE, Kus MMM, Caruso MSF, Tavares M, Zenebon O. Ácidos graxos trans em óleos vegetais poli-insaturados refinados comercializados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Ciên Tecnol Alim 2009 29:646-51.

47. Milinsk MC, Matsushita M, Visentainer JV, Oliveira CC, Souza NE. Comparative Analysis of Eight Esterifi cation Methods in the Quantitative Determination of Vegetable Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) J Braz Chem Soc. 2008; 19:1475-83.

48. Aued-Pimentel S, Caruso MSF, Kumagai EE, Ruvieri V, Zenebon O. Ácidos graxos saturados em produtos alimentícios: comparação de procedimentos na análise por cromatografi a em fase gasosa. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz .2005; 64:167-72.

49. Hartman L, Lago RCA. Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. Lab Prac.1973; 22:475-6.

50. Golay PA, Dionisi F, Hug B,Giuffrida F, Destaillats F. Direct quantification of fatty acids in dairy powders with special emphasis on trans fatty acid content. Food Chemistry. 2006; 101:1115-20.

51. Mazalli MR, Bragagnolo N. Validation of two methods for fatty acids analysis in eggs. Lipids. 2007; 55:2743-8.

52. Offi cial methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 5thed,Champaign (IL): AOCS. Additions and revisions 2007-2008. Method Ce 1k-07, Method Ce 1j-07

53. ISO - International Organization for Standardization. Animal and vegetable fats and oils Preparation of methyl ester of fatty acids (ISO 5508). Switzerland: ISO;1990.

54. James AT, Martin AJP Gas liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro estimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid. Biochem J. 1952; 50:679-90.

55. Lanças FM. Cromatografi a em fase gasosa. São Paulo: Acta;1993.

56. Mc Cance, Widdowson’s editors. The composition of food. 6thed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry 2002.

57. Weihrauch JL, Posati LP, Anderson BA, Exler, J. Lipid conversion factors for calculating fatty acids contents of foods. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1977; 54:36-40.

58. Posati LP, Kinsella JE, Watt BK. Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in food. III. Egg and egg products. J Am Diet Assoc. 1975 67:111-5.

59. International Organization for Standardization – ISO. Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids (ISO 5509E). Switzerland: ISO 1978.

60. International Organization for Standardization – ISO. Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Determination of the content of trans fatty acid isomers of vegetable fats and oils. Gas chromatographic method (ISO15304(E). 2 ed. Switzerland: ISO 2002.

61. Offi cial methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 5thed, Champaign (IL): AOCS. Additions and revisions 1999-2006. Method Ce 1h-05. Method Cd 14d 99. Method Cd 14-95.

62. Ackman RG, Sipos JC. Application of specifi c response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of mehyl esters of fatty acids with fl ame ionization detector. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1964; 41:377-8.

63. Bannon CD, Graske JD, Hillker AE. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability V.Validation of theoretical relative response factors of unsaturated esters in the flame ionization detector. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1986; 63:105-10.

64. Schreiner M. Quantifi cation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by gas chromatography. Evaluation of factors affecting accuracy. J Chromatogr A. 2005; 1095:126-30.

65. Mosoba M, Kramer J. Offi cial Methods for Determination of Transfat. 2nd ed, Champaign: AOCS press 2009.

66. Kodali DR, List GR. Trans fat alternatives. Champaign: AOCS press; 2005.

67. Miyake Y, Yokomizo K. Determination of cis- and trans-18:1 fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated vegetable oils by high-resolution carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1998; 75: 801-5.

68. Cruz-Hernandez C, Deng Z, Zhou J, Hill AR, Yurawecz MP, Delmonte P, Mossoba MM, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG. Methods for analysis of conjugated linoleic acids and trans-18:1 isomers in dairy fats by using a combination of gas chromatography, silver-ion thin layer chromatography/gas chromatography, and silver-ion liquid chromatography. JAOAC Int. 2004; 87: 545-62.

69. Ratnayake WMN, Plouffe LJ, Pasquier E, Gagnon C. Temperature sensitive resolution of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on SP-2560 and SP-Sil 88 capillary columns. JAOAC Int. 2002; 85:1112-8.

70. Ratnayake WMN, Hansen SL, Kennedy MP. Evaluation of the CP-Sil 88 and SP-2560 GC columns used in the recently approved AOCS offi cial method Ce 1h-05: determination of cis-trans -,saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable or non-ruminant animal oils and fats by capillary GLC method. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2006; 83:475-88.

71. Ceriani R, Meirelles AJA. Formation of trans PUFA during deodorization of canola oil: a study through computational simulation. Chem Eng Proc. 2007; 46:775-85.

72. Buchgraber M, Ulberth F. Determination of low level transunsaturation in physically refi ned vegetable oils by capillary GLC - results of 3 intercomparison studies. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2002; 104: 792-99.

73. Kramer JKG, Blackadar CB, Zhou J. Evaluation of two GC columns (60-m SUPELCOWAX 10 and 100 m CP-Sil 88) for analysis of milkfat with emphasis on CLA, 18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 isomers, and short- and long-chain FA. Lipids.2002; 37: 823-35.

74. Destaillats F, Golay PA, Joffre F, Wispelaere M, Hug B, Giuffrida F et al. Comparison of available analytical methods to mensure trans-octadecenoic acid isomeric profile and content by gas-liquid chromatography in milk fat. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1145:222-8.

75. Vlaeminck B, Harynuk J, Fievez V, Marriott P. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the separation of fatty acids in milk. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2007; 109: 757-66.

76. Ali LH, Angyal G, Weaker CM, Rader JI. Comparison of capillary column gas chromatographic and AOAC gravimetric procedures for total fat and distribution of fatty acids in food. Food Chemistry. 1997; 58:149-160.

77. Rader JI, Anguila G, O ́Dell RG, Weaver CM, Sheppard AJ, Bueno P. Determination of total fat and saturated fat in foods by packed column gas-liquid chromatography after acid hydrolysis. Food Chemistry. 1995; 54:419-27.

78. Satchithanandam S, Fritsche J, Rader JI. Extension of AOAC Offi cial Method 996.01 to the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) 1846 and infant formulas. J.AOAC Int. 2001; 84:805-14.

79. Satchithanandam S, Fritsche J, Rader JI. Gas chromatographic analysis of infant formulas for total fatty acids, including transfatty acids. J AOAC Int. 2002; 85:86-94.

80. Satchithanandam S, Carolyn J, Oles Spease CJ, Brandt MM, Yurawecz MP, Rader JI. Trans, Saturated, and Unsaturated Fat in Foods in the United States Prior to Mandatory Trans-Fat Labeling. Lipids. 2004; 39:11-8.

81. De Vries JW, Kjos L, Grof L, Martin B, Cernohous K, Patel H et al. Studies in improvement of Offi cial Method 996.06. JAOAC Int.1999; 82:1146-55.

82. Rozena B, Mitchell B, Winters D, Kohn A, Sullivan D, Meinholz E. Proposed modifications to AOAC 996.06, optimizing the determination of trans fatty acids: presentation of data. JAOAC Int. 2008; 92: 92-7.

83. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report of the the twenty eighth session of the Codex Committee on methods of analysis and sampling. Budapest, Hungary. 5-9 March, 2007.

Creative Commons License
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2009 Sabria Aued-Pimentel, Odair Zenebon

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.