Keywords
genomic islands
salmonellosis
How to Cite
Abstract
Salmonella is a suitable bacterial model for conducting the study on the host-pathogen interactions. Although many virulence factors have being characterized, the host specificities mechanisms with disease outcome have not been fully elucidated yet. Pathogenic islands (PAI) are the genetic elements on the chromosomes of a large number of pathogens. In Salmonella, many of the virulence factors are encoded by genes on PAI, which are known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI). This review summarizes the reported investigations in the last twenty years regarding to the role of SPI in the disease pathogenia, and their effects on the pathogen invasion and colonization mechanisms in the host.References
1. World Health Organization. Health topics Salmonella. [Acesso 2011 ago 30]. Disponível em: [http://www.who.int/topics/salmonella/en/].
2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Salmonella spp. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook, 2009. [acesso 2011 ago 20]. Disponível em: [http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966].
3. Eswarappa SM, Janice J, Nagarajan AG, Balasundaram SV, Karnam G, Dixit NM, et al. Differentially Evolved Genes of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands: Insights into the Mechanism of Host Specificity in Salmonella. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3829.
4. Kuhle V, Hensel M. Cellular microbiology of intracellular Salmonella enterica: functions of the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. Cell Molec Life Sci. 2004;61(22):2812-26.
5. Fluit AC. Towards more virulent and antibiotic-resistant Salmonella? FEMS Immun Med Microbiol. 2005;43:1-11.
6. Amavisit P, Lightfoot D, Browning GF, Markham PF. Variation between pathogenic serovars within Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands. J Bacteriol. 2003;185(12):3624-35.
7. Rabsh WHL, Andrews RA, Kingsley RP, Prager R, Tschape H, Adams LG, et al. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and its host-adapted variants. Infect Immun. 2002;70:2249-55.
8. Mills DM, Bajaj V, Lee CA. A 40 kb chromosomal fragment encoding Salmonella Typhimurium invasion genes is absent from the corresponding region of the Escherichiacoli K-12 chromosome.Mol Microbiol. 1995;15:749-59.
9. Shea JE, Hensel M, Gleeson C, Holden DW. Identification of a virulence locus encoding a second type III secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium. PNAS. 1996;93:2593-7.
10. Blanc-Potard AB, Solomon F, Kayser J, Groisman EA. The SPI-3 pathogenicity island of Salmonella Enterica. J Bacteriol. 1999;181:998-1004.
11. Gerlach RG, Jackel D, Stecher B, Wagner C, Lupas A. SalmonellaPathogenicity Island 4 encodes a giant non-fimbrial adhesion and the cognate type 1 secretion system. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9:1834-50.
12. Dobrindt U, Hochhut B, Hentschel U, Hacker J. Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2004;2:414-24.
13. Kubori T, Matsushima Y, Nakamura D, Uralil J, Lara TM, Sukhan A, et al. Supramolecular structure of the Salmonella Typhimurium type III protein secretion system. Science. 1998;280:602-5.
14. Dieye Y, Ameiss K, Mellata M, Curtis III R. The SalmonellaPathogenicity Island (SPI) 1 contributes more than SPI2 to the colonization of the chicken by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:3.
15. Hardt WD, Chen LM, Schuebel KE, Bustelo XR, Galan JE. S.Typhimurium encodes an activator of Rho GTPases that induces membrane ruffling and nuclear responses in host cells. Cell. 1998;93:815-26.
16. Fu Y, Galan JE. A Salmonella protein antagonizes Rac-1 and Cdc42 to mediate host-cell recovery after bacterial invasion. Nature. 1999;401:293-7.
17. Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S, Zychlinsky A. The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. PNAS. 1999;96:2396–401.
18. Norris FA, Wilson MP, Wallis TS, Galyov EE, Majerus PW. SopB, a protein required for virulence of Salmonella Dublin, is an inositol phosphate phosphatase. PNAS. 1998;95:14057-9.
19. Jones MA, Wood MW, Mullan PB, Watson PR, Wallis TS, Galyov EE. Secreted effector proteins of Salmonella Dublin act in concert to induce enteritis. Infect Immun. 1998;66:5799-804.
20. Rychlik I, Karasova D, Sebkova A, Volf J, Sisak F, Havlickova H, et al. Virulence potential of five major pathogenicity islands (SPI-1 to SPI-5) of Salmonellaenterica serovar Enteritidis for chickens. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:268.
21. Jones MA, Wigley P, Page KL, Hulme SD, Barrow PA. Salmonellaenterica Serovar Gallinarum Requires the SalmonellaPathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System but Not the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System for Virulence in Chickens. Infect Immun. 2001;69:5471-6.
22. Boyen F, Pasmans F, Immerseel FV, Morgan E, Adriaensen C, Hernalsteens J, et al. Salmonella Typhimurium SPI-1 genes promote intestinal but not tonsillar colonization in pigs. Microb Infect. 2006;8:2899-907.
23. Pavlova B, Volfi J, Ondrackova P, Matiasovic J, Stepanova H, Crhanova M, et al. SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica is required for the suppression of porcine alveolar macrophage cytokine expression. Vet Res. 2011;42:16.
24. Coombes BK, Coburn BA, Potter AA, Gomis S, Mirakhur K, Li Y, et al. Analysis of the Contribution of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands 1 and 2 to Enteric Disease Progression Using a Novel Bovine Ileal Loop Model and a Murine Model of Infectious Enterocolitis. Infect Immun. 2005;73:7161-9.
25. Silva-Herzog E, Detweiler CS. Salmonella enterica Replication in Hemophagocytic Macrophages Requires Two Type Three Secretion Systems. Infect Immun. 2010;78:3369-77.
26. Geddes K, Rubino S, Streutker C, Cho JH, Magalhães JG, Bourhis LL, et al. Nod1 and Nod2 Regulation of Inflammation in the Salmonella Colitis Model. Infect Immun. 2010;78:5107-15.
27. Aiastui A, Pucciarelli MG, Portillo FG. Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invades Fibroblasts by Multiple Routes Differing from the Entry into Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun. 2010;78:2700-13.
28. Crull K, Bumann D, Weiss S. Infuence of infection route and virulence factors on colonization of solid tumors by SalmonellaEnterica serovar Typhimurium. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol.2011;62:75-83.
29. Pawelek JM, Sodi S, Chakraborty AK, Platt JT, Miller S, Holden DW, et al. Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 and anticancer activity in mice. Cancer Gene Ther. 2002;9:813-8.
30. Radtke AL, Wilson JW, Sarker S, Nickerson CA. Analysis of Interactions of Salmonella Type Three Secretion Mutants with 3-D Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e15750.
31. Durant JA, Corrier DE, Ricke SC. Short-chain volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of SalmonellaTyphimurium. J Food Protect. 2000;3:573-8.
32. Saini S, Ellermeier JR, Slauch JM, Rao CV. The Role of Coupled Positive Feedback in the Expression of the SPI1 Type Three Secretion System in Salmonella. PLoS Path. 2010;6:e1001025.
33. Hensel M. Evolution of pathogenicity islands of Salmonella enterica. Int J Med Microbiol. 2004;294:95-102.
34. Ochman H, Soncini FC, Solomon F, Groisman EA. Identification of a pathogenicity island required for Salmonella survival in host cells. PNAS. 1996;93:7800-4.
35. Vazquez-Torres A, Xu Y, Jones-Carson J, Holden DH, Lucia SM, Dinauer MC, et al. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-dependent evasion of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Science. 2000;287:1655-8.
36. Chakravortty D, Hansen-Wester I, Hensel M. Salmonellapathogenicity island 2 mediates protection of intracellular Salmonella from reactive nitrogen intermediates. J Exp Med.2002;195:1155-66.
37. Uchiya K, Barbieri MA, Funato K, Shah AH, Stahl PD, Groisman EA. A Salmonella virulence protein that inhibits cellular trafficking. EMBO J. 1999;18:3924-33.
38. Karasova D, Sebkova A, Havlickova H, Sisak F, Volf J, Faldyna M, et al. Influence of 5 major Salmonella pathogenicity islands on NK cell depletion in mice infected with Salmonellaentericaserovar Enteritidis. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:75.
39. Choi J, Shin D, Yoon H, Kim J, Lee C, Kim M, et al. Salmonellapathogenicity island 2 expression negatively controlled by EIIANtr–SsrB interaction is required for Salmonella virulence. Proc Nat Acad. 2010;107:20506-11.
40. Miao EA, Miller SI. A conserved amino acid sequence directing intracellular type III secretion by Salmonella Typhimurium. PNAS. 2000;97:7539-44.
41. Figueroa-Bossi N, Uzzau S, Maloriol D, Bossi L. Variable assortment of prophages provides a transferable repertoire of pathogenic determinants in Salmonella. Mol Microbiol. 2001;39:260-71.
42. Garcia-del Portillo F, Foster JW, Maguire ME, Finlay BB. Characterization of the micro-environment of SalmonellaTyphimurium-containing vacuoles within MDCK epithelial cells. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:3289-97.
43. Snavely MD, Miller CG, Maguire ME. The mgtB Mg2transport locus of Salmonella Typhimurium encodes a P-type ATPase. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:815-23.
44. Retamal P, Castillo-Ruiz M, Villagra NA, Morgado J, Mora GC. Modified Intracellular-Associated Phenotypes in a Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Expressing S. Typhimurium SPI-3 Sequences. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9394.
45. Morgan E. Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands. In: Rhen M, Maskell D, Mastroeni P, Threlfall J. Salmonella Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. Horizon Bioscience; 2007; 67-87.
46. Marcus SL, Brummel JH, Pfeifer CG, Finlay BB. Salmonellapathogenicity islands: big virulence in small packages. Microb Infect. 2000;2:145-56.
47. Wagner C, Polke M, Gerlach RG, Linke D, Stierhof Y, Schwarz H, et al. Functional dissection of SiiE, a giant non-fimbrial adhesion of Salmonella enterica. Cell Microbiol. 2011;13:1286-301.
48. Schmidt H, Hensel M. Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(1):14-56.
49. Pickard D, Wain J, Baker S, Line A, Chohan S, Fookes M, et al. Composition, Acquisition, and Distribution of the Vi Exopolysaccharide-Encoding Salmonella enterica Pathogenicity Island SPI7. J Bacteriol. 2003;185(17):5055-65.
50. Mulvey MR, Boyd DA, Olson BD, Cloeckaert A. The genetics of Salmonella genomic island 1. Microb Infect. 2006;8:1915-22.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2012 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal