Canine leishmaniasis: diagnosis and management of the urban reservoir

Abstract

Canine leishmaniasis is a multifaceted disease, caused by several species of Leishmania, transmitted by several species of sand flies, in different types of environment. Leishmaniasis has a considerable psychosocial and socioeconomic impact in endemic areas in Brazil, where the most affected populations are historically punished by other ills and conditioners of the health-disease process, such as poverty and malnutrition. In this context, canine leishmaniasis has long been a “veterinary problem” and has become a public health issue. In recent years, several advances have been achieved with regard to canine leishmaniasis. In this article, some aspects related to the diagnosis and management of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum, whether healthy or sick, are discussed. It is important to use available diagnostic tests in a correct way and to interpret results in light of clinical findings. Once the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis is confirmed, veterinarians and public health professionals should consider all the options available before deciding on the best strategy to adopt in each individual case. Finally, prevention of infection through the use of pyrethroid-based products remains the main measure to be adopted in uninfected dogs in endemic areas.