Keywords
chlorophenols
pesticides
water
environment contamination
gas chromatography
How to Cite
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was employed as fungicide and herbicide in Brazil. Its use for agricultural purposes
has been prohibited since 1985, and nowadays it has been permitted for wood treatment. High volatility of
PCP and solubility of its ionized form are the principal factors in its dissemination in the environment.
Chronic exposure to PCP may cause damage to liver and kidneys. Regarding to its carcinogenic activity,
PCP has been classified into group 2B, and this activity has sufficiently evidenced from animal studies, but
still scanty in human beings. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the PCP residues in eight
samples of drinking water collected from a locality close to a lumberyard in Belém, State of Pará. The PCP
extraction was performed using solvent in an acidic medium, followed by derivatization and determination
by means of gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The quantification limit was of 0.5 μg/
L. The evaluated procedure exhibited satisfactory results for residue analysis with recovery rate ranging
from 80 to 103% , and a coefficient of variation ranged from 2.1 to 3.9%, depending on the fortified level.
The analyzed water samples have not presented PCP residues above the method quantification limit,
therefore they have been suitable for consumption.
References
1. [APHA] American Public Health Association. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19ª ed. Washington, DC., p. 97 –102, 1995.
2. Brasil. Portaria SNVS nº 10. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 10 de janeiro de 1985. Seção I, pt I. Relação das Substâncias com ação tóxica. Sobre animais ou plantas cujo registro pode ser autorizado no Brasil, em atividades agropecuárias e em produtos domissanitários.
3. Brasil. Portaria nº 20 do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Urbano e Meio Ambiente. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 30 de julho 1986.Seção I, pt.I, p. 11356-113661. Estabelece classificação das águas doces, salobras e salinas no território nacional.
4. Brasil. Portaria nº 1469 do Ministério da Saúde. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 10 de jan. 2001. Seção I, p.26-28. Estabelece normas e padrão de potabilidade de agua destinada ao consumo humano.
5. Bruzzoniti M.C. et al. Preconcentration of contaminants in water analysis. J. Chromatogr. A, 902: 289-309, 2000.
6. Buhlet D.R.; Rasmusson, M.E.; Nakame, H.S. Occurence of hexachrophene and pentachlorophenol in sewage and water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 929, 1973. In: CRC-Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol.7, Issue 1, CRC Press Incorporation, Boca Raton, Florida, 1980.
7. Commitee on Drinking Water, Nation Research Committee. Drinking Water and Health, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., 1878. In: CRC-Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol.7, Issue 1 , CRC Press Incorporation, Boca Raton, Florida, 1980.
8. Cordoba, M.S. et al. Soxhlet extraction of pentachorophenol from soil with in situ derivatization. Bol. Soc. Chil. Quim., 46: 1-9, 2001.
9. Eksperiandova, L.P. et al. Determination of small quantities of phenol in water. Anal. Chim. Acta, 396: 317-20,1999.
10. Environmental Protection Bureau, Environmental Protection Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, Canadá. Monitoring environmental contamination from chlorophenol contaminated wastes generated in the wood preservation industry, Ottawa, p.74, 1979. In: Environmental Health Criteria, 71, Pentachlorophenol, WHO, Geneva, 1987, 236p;
11. [EPA] Environmental Protection Agency - Pentachlorophenol, [http:www.epa gov/iris/subst/0086.htm]. 07 março 2003.
12. [FAO/WHO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization. Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission. Good laboratory practice on pesticide residues in food. Rome, 1993. Suppl. 1, v.2, Section 4.2, 164.
13. Fox, M.; Joshi, S.R. The fate of pentachlorophenol in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, Canada, USA. J. Great Lakes Res., 10: 190-96,1984.
14. Gilbert, F. Effects of pentachlorophenol and other chemical preservatives on the health of wood-treating workers in Hawaii. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19(4) : 603-09, 1990.
15.Gonzalez, G. et al. Biodegradation of phenolic industrial wastewater in a fluidized bioreactor with immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida. Bioresource Tecnol., 60: 137-42, 2001.
16. [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. Summary & evaluation, Lyon, 53, 371, 1991.
17. Kang, K. et al. A modified spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of phenol in water. Microchemical J., 64:161-71, 2000.
18. Ken K.C. et al. Pilot study of in-situ thermal treatment for the remediation of pentachlorophenol- contaminated aquifers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35 (24): 4910-15, 2001.
19. Kim, K.R.; Kim, H. Gas chromatographic profiling and screening for phenols as isobutoxycarbonyl derivatives in aqueous sample. J. Chromatogr. A, 866: 87-96, 2000.
20. [NTP] National Toxicology Program. Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachlorophenol. NTP Tech. Report nº 349. NIH Publ. nº 89:2804, 1989.
21. Pierce, R.H. et al. The fate of pentachlorophenol in an aquatic ecosystem. In: Rao, K. R.,ed. Pentachlorofenol: Chem., Pharm. Environ. Toxicol., N.Y., London, Plenum Press, pp.41-52, 1978.
22. Polese, L.; Ribeiro, M. Methods for determination of hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorophenol in soil samples. Talanta, 46: 915-20, 1998.
23. Rahde , A.F.; Della Rosa, H.V., 1984. Evaluation of ecotoxicological impact of the hydroelectric dam of Tucuruí, Brazil, 45pp.In: WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 71, Pentachlorophenol, WHO, Geneva, 1987, 236p.
24. Rudling , L. Determination of pentachorophenol in organic tissues and water. Water Res. 4: 533-37, 1993.
25. Schwetz, B. A.;. Quast J.F.; Keeler P.A;.Humiston C.G;.Kociba R.J. Results of two-year toxicity and reproduction studies on pentachlorophenol in rats. in: Pentachlorophenol : Chem. Pharm. Environ. Toxicol., K.R.Rao, Ed. Plenum Press, N.Y. p.301-309, 1978.
26. Siqueira, M.E.P. Determinação de pentaclorofenol em urina de trabalhadores expostos ocupacionalmente. São Paulo, 1987.[Dissertação de mestrado – Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, em Farmácia e Bioquímica ].
27. Toledo, E.G. et al. Solid – phase microextration coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of phenolic compounds in water., 1998. J. Chromatogr. A, 923: 45-52, 2001.
28.Wegman, R.C.C. , Van Den Broek, H.H., 1983. Chlorophenols in surface waters of the Netherlands. Water Res., 17: 227-230. In: WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 71, Pentachlrophenol, WHO, Geneva, 1987, 236p.
29. [WHO] World Health Organization. The guidelines pesticides in drinking-water, [http://www.water_sanitation_health/dwg/en/507.pdf.] . 05 março 2004].
30. [WHO] World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 71, Pentachlrophenol, Geneva, 1987, 236p.
31.Wong,A.S.; Crosby,D.G. Photolysis of pentaclorophenol : Chem. Pharm. Environ. Toxicol., N.Y., London, Plenum Press, pp 19-25, 1978.
32. Zheng, M.H. et al. Analysis of pentachlorophenol from water, sediments, and fish bile of dongting lake in China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64: 16-19. 2000.
33. Zuin, V.G. et al. Determination of pentachlorophenol and hexachlorobenzene in natural waters affected by industrial chemical residues. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 10:25-30, 1999.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2004 Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz
Downloads
