Keywords
HIV
proteinase
phospholipase
oral cavity
How to Cite
Abstract
Production of exoenzymes, specifically the proteinase and phospholipase, is considered one of the most important of pathogenicity mechanisms of C. albicans, which is crucial for tissue invasion. This study aimed at evaluating the production of these exoenzymes in 50 oral C. albicans isolates from HIV-positive (HIV+) patients treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), and from 50 control individuals. For testing the production of phospholipase and proteinase, the culture media containing egg yolk and bovine albumin were used, respectively. The results were obtained by measuring the diameter of the colony and divided by the diameter of colony plus the precipitation zone, defined as Pz. Data were statistically analyzed by Student’s t test (5%). Statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) was observed between the mean values of Pz for proteinase in isolates from HIV+ patients (Pz = 0.358±0.295) and from control group (Pz = 0.660±0.370). The same results were observed for phospholipase production (Pz = 0.399±0.227 for HIV+ group; Pz = 0.635±0.292 control group). Both enzymes were highly produced by C. albicans isolated from HIV+ patients when compared with those secreted by C. albicans obtained from control group, suggesting that HAART did not reduce the secretion of these enzymes by this pathogenic fungus infecting HIV+ patients.
References
1. Ellepola ANB, Samaranayake LP. Oral candidal infections and antimycotics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11(2):172-98.
2. Boriollo MF, Rosa EA, Bernardo WL, Gonçalves RB, Höfling JF. Electrophoretic protein patterns and numeical analysis of Candida albicans from the oral cavities of healthy children. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2003;45(5):249-7.
3. Sánchez-Vargas LO, Ortiz-López NG, Villar M, Moragues MD, Aguirre JM, Cashat-Cruz M, et al. Point prevalence, microbiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of oral Candida isolates colonizing or infecting Mexican HIV/AIDS patients and healthy persons. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2005;22(2):83-92.
4. Samaranayake LP, Fidel PL, Naglik JR, Sweet SP, Teanpaisan R, Coogan MM et al. Fungal infections associated with HIV infection. Oral Dis. 2002;8(2):151-60.
5. Bramono K, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Comparison of proteinase, lipase and alpha-glucosidade activities from the clinical isolates of Candida species. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006; 9:73-6.
6. Lin AL, Johnson DA, Patterson TF, Wu Y, Lu DL, Shi Q et al. Salivary anticandidal activity and saliva composition in an HIV-infected cohort. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001;16 (5):270-8.
7. Nittayananta W, Jealae S, Winn T. Oral Candida in HIV-infected heterosexuals and intravenous drug users in Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(6):347-54.
8. Al-Abeid HM, Abu-Elteen KH, Elkarmi AZ, Hamad MA. Isolation and characterization of Candida spp. in Jordanian cancer patients: prevalence, pathogenic determinants, and antifungal sensitivity. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2004;57(6):279-84.
9. Hube B, Nagliak J. Candidaalbicans proteinases: resolving the mystery of a gene family. Microbiol. 2001;147:1997-2005.
10. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. Candidaalbicans secreted aspartly proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Molec Biol Rev. 2003;67(3):400-28.
11. Naglik JR, Albrecht A, Bader O, Hube B. Candidaalbicans proteinases and host/pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol. 2004;6(10):915-26.
12. Schaller M, Borelli C, Korting HC, Hube B. Hydrolytic enzymes as virulence factors of Candidaalbicans. Mycoses. 2005;48(6):365-77.
13. Yang YL. Virulence factors of Candida species. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003;36(4):223-38.
14. Ghannoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;3(1):122-43.
15. Niewerth M, Korting HC. Phospholipases of Candidaalbicans. Mycoses. 2001;44(9):361-7.
16. Gonçalves L de S, Ferreira SM, Silva A Jr, Villoria GE, Costinha LH, Colombo AP. Association of T CD4 lymphocyte levels and chronic periodontitis in HIV-infected brazilian patients undergoing highly active anti-retroviral therapy: clinical results. J Periodontol. 2005;76(6):915-22.
17. Bosco VP, Birman EG, Cury AE, Paula CR. Yeast from the oral cavity of children with AIDS: exoenzyme production and antifungal resistance. Pesq Odont Bras. 2003;17(3):217-22.
18. Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Vasconcellos TC, Querido SMR, Jorge AOC. Frequency of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of Brazilian HIV-positive patients and correlation with CD4 cell counts and viral load. Mycopathol. 2009;167(2):81-7.
19. Sandvén P. Laboratory identification and sensitivity testing of yeast isolates. Acta Odonto Scand. 1990;48:27-36.
20. Williams DW, Lewis MAO. Isolation and identification of Candida from the oral cavity. Oral Dis. 2000;6:3-11.
21. Donnely SM, Sullivan DJ, Shanley DB, Coleman DC. Phylogenetic analysis and rapid identification of Candidadubliniensis based on analysis of ACT1 intron and exon sequences. Microbiol. 1999;145:1871-82.
22. Mähnss B, Stehr F, Schäfer W, Neuber K. Comparison of standard phenotypic assays with a PCR method to discriminate Candidaalbicans and Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses. 2005;46: 55-61.
23. Price MF, Wilkinson ID, Gentry LO. Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candidaalbicans. Sabouraudia. 1982;20(1):7-14.
24. Ruchel R, Tegeler R, TROST M. A comparison of secretory proteinases from different strains of Candidaalbicans. Sabouraudia. 1982;20:233-44.
25. Haynes K. Virulence in Candida species. TRENDS Microbiol. 2001; 9(12):591-6.
26. Koga-Ito CY, Lyon JP, Vidotto V, de Resende MA. Virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of Candidaalbicans isolates from oral candidosis patients and control individuals. Mycopathol. 2006;161(4):219-23.
27. Kantarcioglu AS, Yücel A. Phospholipase and protease activities in clinical Candida isolates with reference to the sources of strains. Mycoses. 2002;45(5-6):160-5.
28. Ribeiro EL, Scroferneker ML, Cavalhaes MS, Campos CC, Nagato GM, Souza NA et al. Phenotypic aspects of oral strains of Candidaalbicans in children with down’s syndrome. Braz J Biol. 2006;66(3):939-44.
29. Candido RC, Azevedo RVP, Komesu MC. Enzimotipagem de espécies de Candida isoladas da cavidade bucal. Rev Bras Med Trop. 2005;33:456-63.
30. Munro CA, Hube B. Anti-fungal therapy at the HAART of viral therapy. Trends Microbiol. 2002;10(4):173-7.
31. Tappuni AR, Fleming GJP. The effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients: a UK study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92(6):623-8.
32. Ribeiro MA, Miranda AE, Gambale W, Paula CR. Prevalence and exoenzyme secretion by Candidaalbicans isolates from oral and vaginal mucosas of HIV-infected women. Mycopathol. 2004;157(3):255-61.
33. Ryder MI. An update on HIV and periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2002;73(9):1071-8.
34. Perezous LF, Flaitz CM, Goldschmidt ME, Engelmeier RL. Colonization of Candida species in denture wearers with emphasis on HIV infection: a literatura review. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93(3):288-93.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2011 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal