Keywords
infantile formula
analytical methodology
gas chromatography
lipids
How to Cite
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in several physiological and metabolic processes of human organism. Considering the fatty acids as crucial compound in the infantile nutrition, they have been supplemented in infant formula to substitute maternal milk. For quantifying the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids requires a fat extraction process in mild conditions, due to the occurrence of reactive sites in their molecules. In the present work the analytical methods for determining the polyunsaturated fatty acid and lipids in infantile formula were compared. For these purposes, a sample of infantile formula from the National Institute of Standards and Technology was analyzed, following methodologies described in the “Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz” and the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC).The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were assessed by using distinct internal standards and correction factors for flame ionization detector. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found among the total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids results, in infantile formula analyzed on different lipid extraction methods. The lowest dispersions results (rsd %), of polyunsaturated fatty acid were observed by the AOAC methodology. According to these data, the use of fatty acid methyl ester 23:0 internal standard and of theoretical correction factors of flame ionization detector in relation to the internal standard itself were the most suitable for determining the polyunsaturated fatty acid.References
1. Koo WWS, M BBS, F ACN. Effi cacy and safety of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid addition to infant formulas: can one buy better vision and intelligence?. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22 (2): 101-7.
2. Carver JD. Advances in nutritional modifications of infant formulas. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1550S-4S.
3. Currtis JM, Berrigan N, Dauphinee P. The determination of n-3 fatty acid levels in food products containing microencapsulated fi sh oil using the one-step extraction method. Part 1: measurement in the raw ingredient and dry powdered foods. J Am Oli Chem Soc 2008; 85: 297-305.
4. Hirayama KB, Speridião PGL, Fagundes-Neto U. Ácidos graxos polinsaturados de cadeia longa. The electronic J Ped Gastroent Nutr and Liver Disease 2006, v. 10, n. 3, p. 1-10.
5. Schaafma G. The Western diet with a special focus on dairy products. Institut Danome, 1997; 4:29-43.
6. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll, RE, Montalto MB et al. Visual, cognitive and language assessments at 39 months: a follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 2003; 112(3): 177-83.
7. McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, a n-3 long-chain polyunsatured fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:281-95.
8. Straarup EM, Lauritzen L, Faerk J, Hoy CE, Michaelsen KF. The stereospecifi c triacyglycerol structures and fatty acid profi les of human milk and infant formulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 293-9.
9. Koletzko B, Baker S, Cleghorn G, Fagundes-Neto U, Gopalan S, Hernell O et al. Global standard for the compositon of infant formula: Recommendations of an ESPGHAN coodinated internacional expert group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41(5): 584-99.
10. Brasil. Portaria nº 977, de 5 de dezembro de 1998 da Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária do Ministério da Sáude . Regulamento técnico referente às fórmulas infantis para lactentes e às fórmulas infantis de seguimento. Diário Ofi cial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 29 dez. 1998. Seção 1, p 20-1.
11. Codex Alimentarius Commission. JOINT FAO/WHO. Food standards programme. Codex standard for infant formula – Codex Stan 72 1981, revisado em 2007.
12. Carpenter DM, Ngeh-Ngwainbi J, Lee S. Lipid Analysis. In: Carpenter DE, Sullivan DM, editores. Methods of analysis for nutritional labeling. Arlington: AOAC International; 1993. p. 85-104.
13. Iverson SJ, Lang SLC, Cooper MH. Comparison of the Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue. Lipids 2001; 36:1283-7.
14. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid. Extraction and purifi cation. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959; 37:911-7.
15. Métodos Analíticos Físicos-Químicos do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos, 4.ed., Brasília: ANVISA, 2005.
16. Offi cial Methods of Analysis of AOAC. 18. ed., Gaithersburg: AOAC International, 2005.
17. Hartman L, Lago RCA. Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. Lab Prac 1973; 22: 475-6.
18. Maia EL, Rodrigues-Amaya DBR. Avaliação de um método simples e econômico para a metilação de ácidos graxos com lipídios de diversas espécies de peixes. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz 1993; 53(1/2): 27-35.
19. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Standard Methods for Analyses of Oils, Fats and Derivatives.Report of IUPAC Working Group WG 2/87, Method 2.301. 7.ed. Blackwell Scientifi c Publications, 1987.
20. Golay PA, Dionisi F, Hug B, Giuffrida F, Destaillats, F. Direct quantifi cation of fatty acids in dairy powders with special emphasis on trans fatty acid content. Food Chemistry 2006, 101: 1115-21.
21. Aued-Pimentel S. Avaliação de procedimentos analíticos para a determinação de lipídios e ácidos graxos em produtos alimentícios [Tese de doutorado]. São Paulo: Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças da Secretaria de Estado da Sáude de São Paulo, 2007. 230 pp.
22. Ackman RG, Sipos JC. Application of specifi c response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids with fl ame ionization detector. J AOCS 1964; 41: 377-8.
23. Bannon CD, Graske JD, Hillker AE Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability: Validation of theoretical relative response factors of unsaturated esters in the flame ionization detector. J AOCS 1986; 63: 105-10.
24. Christie WW. Preparation of esters derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In: Advances in lipid methodology – two. 1993; p.69-111. [Acesso em: 05 out.2004]. Disponível em: http://www.lipid.co.uk/infores/topics/methests/index.htm.
25. Aued-Pimentel S, Caruso MSF, Kumagai EE, Ruvieri V, Zenebon O. Ácidos graxos saturados em produtos alimentícios: comparação de procedimentos na análise por cromatografi a gasosa. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz 2005; 64(2):167-72.
26. Schreiner M. Quantifi cation of long chain polynsaturated fatty acids by gas chromatography. Evaluation of factors affecting accuracy. J Chrom A 2005; 1095: 126-30.
27. Mazalli MR, Bragagnolo N. Validation of two methods for fatty acids analysis in eggs. Lipids 2007; 42: 483-90.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2009 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal