Visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiological scenarios and challenges

Abstract

A historical and epidemiological retrospect of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the world and in Brazil, and possible scenarios dependent of environmental, biological and social conditions stands out strategies of surveillance and control, emphasizing the association of procedures with continuity; conquests and controversies in diagnosis, treatment, vaccination and use of deltametrin collar in the dog; and ineffectiveness of canine therapy with available drugs, but good vaccine prospects, in individual protection, and impregnated collar, in collective control. It considers the epidemiological situation potentiated by the galloping urbanization of VL and its geographical dispersion, highlighting control challenges by moving the vector and the infected dog to new areas through road and rail transport, and conflicts of rejection to canine euthanasia. Alert on the high lethality of human LV in areas of recent installation and by increasing association with HIV, imposing early diagnosis and treatment, to avoid clinical worsening and death, and adoption of the active search of human and canine cases incorporated into the routine of the periodic home visits of the Family Health Strategy to detect prolonged fever and other signs of LV and referral to health units. Introducing the infected dog into free transmission areas will remain a major challenge.