Keywords
ciliated protozoa
biodiversity
leafy greens
food contamination
foodborne diseases
food safety
biodiversity
leafy greens
food contamination
foodborne diseases
food safety
How to Cite
1.
Bonatti TR, Yamashiro S, Freitas PF de CS e, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Franco RMB. Occurrence and diversity of ciliated protozoa in the most commonly consumed leafy greens in Brazil: a qualitative study. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 20 [cited 2024 Nov. 27];79(1):1-9. Available from: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/RIAL/article/view/36027
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa are an ubiquitous group of eukaryotes that have been poorly reported on leafy
greens. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence and diversity of ciliated protozoa in the
leaves and roots of three of the most commonly consumed leafy greens in Brazil – lettuce, rocket and
coriander. The vegetable samples were washed by manual agitation (3 minutes) in two different media
(mineral water and Page´s Amoeba Saline solution). After washing, the contents were incubated
in Petri dishes and aliquots were removed for microscopic identification and in vivo observation.
A total of 21 ciliated protozoa species were found, most of which were bacterivorous. Leafy greens
have commonly been associated with foodborne outbreaks and ciliated protozoa, which although
they are not a Public Health concern, can act as “Trojan Horses” harboring bacteria, viruses and
other protozoa cysts and oocysts and can suggest a new route towards microbiological quality related
to the food chain. This is the first report of ciliated protozoa on leafy greens consumed in Brazil.
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fmicb.2014.00240
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Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with
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at/data_prot/Foissner_etal_2002_1-1063.pdf
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4739(11)80449-9
18. Berger H. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora,
Hypotrichia). In: Dumont HI, Werger MJA (editors).
Monographiae Biologicae, vol. 78. Springer Science;
1999.p.1-1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-
4637-1
19. Berger H. Monograph of the Gonostomatidae and
Kahliellidae (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). In: Monographiae
Biologicae, vol. 90, Springer Science; 2011.p.1-741.
https://10.1007/978-94-007-455-8
20. Foissner W, Berger H. A user-friendly guide to ciliates
(Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists
as bioindicators in rivers, lakes and waste water, with
notes in their ecology. Freshw Biol. 1996;35(2):375-482.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1996.tb01775.x
21. Foissner W, Blatterer H, Berger H, Kohmann F.
Taxonomische und ökologische revision der ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems. Band I: Cyrtophorida, Oligotrichida,
Hypotrichia, Colpodea. Informationsberichte des
Bayerischen Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft; 1991.p.1-
478 [access 2019 mai 09]. Avaliable in: https://www.
protozoology.com/ciliateatlas-I/
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ökologische revision der ciliaten des Saprobiensystems.
Band II: Peritrichia, Heterotrichida, Odontostomatida.
Informationsberichtedes Bayer. Landesamtes für
Wasserwirtschaft; 1992.p.502. [access 2019 maio 09].
Avaliable in: https://www.protozoology.com/ciliateatlas/
23. Foissner W, Berger H, Kohmann F. Taxonomische und
ökologische revision der ciliaten des Saprobiensystems –
Band III: Hymenostomata, Prostomatida, Nassulida.
Informationsberichtedes Bayer. Landesamtes für
Wasserwirtschaft; 1994.p.548.[access 2019 mai 09].
Avaliable in: https://www.protozoology.com/
ciliateatlas-III/
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Bradbury PC, Leedale GF (editors.). An illustrated
guide to the protozoa. Lawrence (KS): Society of
Protozoologists; 2002.p.371-656.
25. Mohamed MA, Siddig EE, Elaagip AH, Edris AMM,
Nasr AA. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables
sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Ann
Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15:17. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12941-016-0133-5
26. Bichai F, Dullemont Y, Hijnen W, Barbeau B. Predation
and transport of persistent pathogens in GAC and
slow sand filters: A threat to drinking water safety?
Water Res. 2014;64:296-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2014.07.005
27. Chavatte N, Baré J, Lambrecht E, Van Damme I,
Vaerewijck M, Sabbe K et al. Co-occurrence of
free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on
dishcloths: implications for food safety. Int J Food
Microbiol. 2014;191:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijfoodmicro.2014.08.030
28. Nadhanan RR, Thomas CJ. Colpoda secrete viable
Listeria monocytogenes within faecal pellets.
Environ Microbiol. 2014;16(2),396-404. https://doi.
org/10.1111/1462-2920.12230
29. Fayer R, Trout JM, Walsh E, Cole R. Rotifers
ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. J
Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000;47(2):161-3. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00026.x
30. Stott R, May E, Matsushita E, Warren A. Protozoan
predation as a mechanism for the removal of
Cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewaters in constructed
wetlands. Water Sci Technol. 2001;44(11-12):191-8.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0828
31. Stott R, May E, Ramirez E, Warren A. Predation of
Cryptosporidium oocysts by protozoa and rotifers:
implications for water quality and public health. Water
Sci Technol. 2003;47(3):77-83. https://doi.org/10.2166/
wst.2003.0166
32. Chen L, Zhao X, Shao C, Miao M, Clamp JC. Morphology
and phylogeny of two new ciliates, Sterkiella sinica sp.
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