Como o Mycobacterium leprae é transmitido?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47878/hi.2001.v26.35331Palavras-chave:
Hansenfase, Transmissão, ReservatóriosResumo
A Hanseniase ocorre em todo o mundo; contudo, a prevalência da doença é altamente variável e maior em países tropicais. Acredita-se que o modo mais comum de transmissão, inter-humana, seja por secreções nasorespiratórias infectadas. 0 papel dos reservatórios naturais e a transmissão zoonótica de outras espécies para o homem ainda permanece não completamente entendido. Este artigo revisa os conhecimentos atuais concernentes aos potenciais reservatórios do Mycobacterium leprae tais quais solo, vegetações, água e artrópodes; anfíbios e mamíferos e o seu papel na doença humana.
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Referências
1. ARNOLD, H.L.; FASAL P Leprosy: diagnosis and management. 2 ed., Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1973. p.7-12
2. AYCOCK,W.L.; MCKINLEY,.F..B. The roles of familial susceptibility and contagion in the epidemiology of leprosy. Int. J. Leprosy, v.6, p.169-184, 1938.
3. BECHELLI, L.M. Hansenfase. In: VERONESI, R.; FOCCACIA R.; DIETZE R. Doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Rio de Janeiro, 1991. p. 349-366.
4. BLAKE, L.A.; WEST B.C.; LARY, C.H.; TODD JR., I.V Environmental nonhuman sources of leprosy. Rev. infec. Dis., v.9, n.3, p.562-577, 1987.
5. BONA, S.H.; FONSECA, A.P.M., SILVA, A.C.L.; COSTA R.J. Bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes no Culex fatigans. An. bras Dermatol., v.60, n.4, p.163-170, 1985.7. BRYCESON, A.D.M. Leprosy. In: CHAMPION, R.H., BURTON, J.L., EBLING, F.L.G. Textbook of dermatology. 5 ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992. p.1065-1083.
8. CHEHL, S.; JOB, C.K.; HASTINGS, R.C. Transmission of leprosy in nude mice. Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg., v.34, p.1161-6,1985.
9. DAVEY, T.F.; REES, R.J.W. The nasal discharge in leprosy: clinical and bacteriological aspects. Leprosy Rev., v.45, p.121-34,1974.
10. DHARMENDRA. Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control (WHO tecnical report series n.°. 716 of 1985, Part I. Indian ]. Leprosy, v.57 ,n.4, p.699-715, 1985.
11. DONHAM, KJ.; LENINGER, J.R. Spontaneous leprosy-like disease in achipanzee. J. Invest. Dis., v.136, p.132-136, 1977.
12. DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
13. DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by insect? Leprosy Rev., v.31, p. 25-34, 1960.
14. ENNA, C.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; TRAUTMAN J.R.; STUTDIVANT, M. Leprosy in the United States (1967-1976). Public. Health Rep., v.93, p.468-473, 1978.
15. Ehlers et al., 1911 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
16. FINE, P.E.M. Reflections on the elimination of leprosy. Int.] Leprosy, v.60, n.1, p.71-80, 1992.
17. FINE, PE.M.; TRUMAN, R Report of Workshop on Epidemiology/Transmission/Vaccines. Int. J. Leprosy, v.66, n.4, p.596-7, 1998.17. BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional da Saúde Guia de controle da hanseníase. Brasilia, 1994.18. GEATER, J.G. The fly as potential vector in the tranmission of leprosy. Leprosy Rev., v.46, p. 279-86, 1975.
19. GUPTA, CM.; TUTAK NE, M.A.; TIW ARI, V.D.; CHAKRABARTY. N. Inoculation leprosy subsequent to a dog bite. A case report. Indian J. Leprosy, v.56, p.919-920, 1984.
20. JOB, C.K. Leprosy- the source of infection and its mode of transmission. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.69-76, 1981.
21. JOSEPH, B.Z.; YODER, L.J.; JACOBSON, R.R. Hansens disease in native-born citizens of the United States. Public. Health Rep., v.100, p. 666-71, 1985.
22. KAZDA, J. Occurrence of non-cultivable acid fast bacilli in the environment and their relationship to M. leprae. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.85-91, 1981.
23. KAZDA, J.; GANAPATI, R.; REVANKAR, C.; BUCHANAN, T.M.; YOUNG D.B.; IRGENS, L.M. Isolation of environmentderived Mycobacterium leprae from soil in Bombay. Leprosy Rev., v.57, n.3, p.201-8, 1986
24. KHANOLKAR, V.R. Perpectives in pathology of leprosy. Indian J. Med. Sci., v.9, n.1, p.1-44, 1955.
25. KIRCHHEIMER, W..F.; STORRS, E.E. Attempts to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) as a model for the study of
leprosy. I. Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo. Int. J. Leprosy, v.39, p.693-702, 1971.
26. KLINGMULLER, V. "Ergebnisse der Lepraforschung seit 1930". Berlin, 1938.
27. LOBEL, L.W.M. Lepra bubalorum (reprinted and condensed). Int.]. Leprosy, v.4, p.79-96, 1936.
28. MACHICAO, N.; LA PLACA, E. Lepra-like granulomas in frogs. Lab. invest., v.3, p.219-27, 1954.
29. MARCHOUX, E., 1934 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
30. MATSUOKA, M.; IZUMI, S.; BUDIAWAN, T.; NAKATA, N.; SAEKI K. Mycobacterium leprae DNA in daily using water as a possible source of leprosy infection. Indian J. Leprosy, v.71, n.1, p.61-67, 1999.
31. MEYERS, W.M.; GORMUS, B.J.; WALSH, G.P. Nonhuman sources of leprosy. Int. Leprosy, v.60, n.3, p.477-480, 1993.
32. MUNOZ RIVAS, G. Algunas observaciones relacionadas com Ias pulgas y la transmissión de la lepra. Rev. Facult. Med. Bogota,
v.10, p.635, 1942.
33. NARAYANAN, E.; MANJA, K.S.; BEDI, B.M.S.; KIRCHHEIMER WE., BALASUBRAHMANYAN, M. Arthropod feeding experiments in lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy Rev., v.43, p. 188-93, 1972.
34. NARAYANAN, E.; SREEVATSA, R.A.J.A.D.; KIRCHHEIMER, W.F.; BEDO, B.M.S. Persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae in Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans experimentally fed on leprosy patients. Leprosy in índia, v.50, p.26-37, 1978.
35. OPROMOLLA, DVA.; ARRUDA, 0.S.; FLEURY, R.N. Manutenção de tatus em cativeiro e resultados de inocularão do Mycobacterium /eprae. Hansen. Int., v.5, n.1, s.28, p.28-36, 1980.
36. PEDLEY, J.C. The presence of M. leprae in human milk. Leprosy Rev., v.38, p.239-42, 1967.
37. PORRIT, RJ.; OLSEN, R.E. Two simultaneous cases of leprosy developing in tattoos. Int. J. Leprosy, v.16, p.514, 1948.
39. RODRIGUES, S.; BERACO, E.; KOIZUMI, F.; ALCHORNE, M.M.A. Tatu e hansenfase. An. bras. Dermatol., v.68, n.6, p.340-345, 1993.
41. SALEM, H.; FONSECA, O.J.M. BAAR na agua do Lago Aleixo. Hansen. Int., v.7, n.1, p.25-35, 1982.
40. SAMPAIO, S.A.P.; RIVITTI, E.A. Dermatologia. São Paulo: Artes Médicas, 1998. p.467-488.
41. SAND, A. Geschieht diee Ansteckung der lepra durch unmitelbare Ubertragung? Mitteilung undd Veerhandlungen der
Leprakonferenz, 2. G. Fischeeer. Leipzgzig, 1910, p. 30-46
42. SANDES, 1911 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
43. SANDES, T.L. The mode of transmission of leprosy. Brit. Med. J., v.2, p.469-470, 1991.
44. SMITH, J.H.; FOLSE, D.S.; LONG, E.G.; CHRISTIE, J.D.; CROUSE, D.T.; TEWES, M.E.; GATSON, A.M.; EHRHARDT, R.L.; FILE, S.K.; KELLY, M.T. Leprosy in wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) of Texas Gulf Coast: Epidemiology and Micobacteriology. J. Ret. Soc., v.34, p.75-88, 1983.
45. SOUZA ARAÚJO, H. Poderá o carrapato transmitir a lepra? Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.36, n.4, p.577-584, 1941.
46. STORRS, E.E. The nine-banded armadillo: a model for leprosy and other biomedical research. Int. J. Leprosy, v.39, p.703-14, 1971.
47. STORNER, CL.; BELEHU, A.; NSIBAMBI, J.; WARDORFF J. Bordeline tuberculoid leprosy following BCG vaccination. A case report. Int. J. Leprosy, v.49, p.16-20, 1981.
48. TAYLOR, C.E.; ELLISTON, ER; GIDEON, H. Asymtomatic infections in leprosy. Int. J. Leprosy, v.33, p.716-31, 1965.
49. TRUMAN, R.W.; SHANNON, L.J.; HUGH-JONES, M.E.; HAGSTAD, H.V.; WOLF A.; HASTINGS, R.C. Evaluation of the origin of M.leprae infections in wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., v.35, n.3, p.588-93, 1986.
50. TRUMAN, R.W., JOB C.K., HASTINGS R.C. Antibodies to the phenolic glicolipid-I antigen for epidemiologic investigations of enzootic leprosy in armadillos( Dasypus novemcinctus). Leprosy Rev., v.61, p. 19-24, 1990.
51. VAN BEERS, ST.; IZUMI, S.; MADJID B. et al. An epidemiological study of leprosy infection by serology and polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Leprosy, v.62, p.1-9, 1994.
52. WALSH, CP; STORRS, E.E.; BURCHFIELD, HP; VIDRINE, M.E; BINFORD, C.H. Leprosy-like disease occurring naturally in armadillos. J. reticul. Soc., v.18, p.347-51, 1975
53. WALSH, G.P.; MEYERS, W.M.; BINFORD, C.H.; GEROME, P.J.; WOLF, RH.; LEININGER, J.R. Leprosy - a zoonosis. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.77-83, 1981.
54. WALSH, G.P; MEYERS, W.M.; BINFORD, C.H. Naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo: a decade of experience 1975-1985. J. Leuc. Biol., v.40, p.645-656, 1986.
55. WEISBURD, G. Profilaxis de las mocosis profundas. Rev. argent. Micol., v.5, p.32-34, 1982.
2. AYCOCK,W.L.; MCKINLEY,.F..B. The roles of familial susceptibility and contagion in the epidemiology of leprosy. Int. J. Leprosy, v.6, p.169-184, 1938.
3. BECHELLI, L.M. Hansenfase. In: VERONESI, R.; FOCCACIA R.; DIETZE R. Doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Rio de Janeiro, 1991. p. 349-366.
4. BLAKE, L.A.; WEST B.C.; LARY, C.H.; TODD JR., I.V Environmental nonhuman sources of leprosy. Rev. infec. Dis., v.9, n.3, p.562-577, 1987.
5. BONA, S.H.; FONSECA, A.P.M., SILVA, A.C.L.; COSTA R.J. Bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes no Culex fatigans. An. bras Dermatol., v.60, n.4, p.163-170, 1985.7. BRYCESON, A.D.M. Leprosy. In: CHAMPION, R.H., BURTON, J.L., EBLING, F.L.G. Textbook of dermatology. 5 ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992. p.1065-1083.
8. CHEHL, S.; JOB, C.K.; HASTINGS, R.C. Transmission of leprosy in nude mice. Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg., v.34, p.1161-6,1985.
9. DAVEY, T.F.; REES, R.J.W. The nasal discharge in leprosy: clinical and bacteriological aspects. Leprosy Rev., v.45, p.121-34,1974.
10. DHARMENDRA. Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control (WHO tecnical report series n.°. 716 of 1985, Part I. Indian ]. Leprosy, v.57 ,n.4, p.699-715, 1985.
11. DONHAM, KJ.; LENINGER, J.R. Spontaneous leprosy-like disease in achipanzee. J. Invest. Dis., v.136, p.132-136, 1977.
12. DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
13. DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by insect? Leprosy Rev., v.31, p. 25-34, 1960.
14. ENNA, C.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; TRAUTMAN J.R.; STUTDIVANT, M. Leprosy in the United States (1967-1976). Public. Health Rep., v.93, p.468-473, 1978.
15. Ehlers et al., 1911 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
16. FINE, P.E.M. Reflections on the elimination of leprosy. Int.] Leprosy, v.60, n.1, p.71-80, 1992.
17. FINE, PE.M.; TRUMAN, R Report of Workshop on Epidemiology/Transmission/Vaccines. Int. J. Leprosy, v.66, n.4, p.596-7, 1998.17. BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional da Saúde Guia de controle da hanseníase. Brasilia, 1994.18. GEATER, J.G. The fly as potential vector in the tranmission of leprosy. Leprosy Rev., v.46, p. 279-86, 1975.
19. GUPTA, CM.; TUTAK NE, M.A.; TIW ARI, V.D.; CHAKRABARTY. N. Inoculation leprosy subsequent to a dog bite. A case report. Indian J. Leprosy, v.56, p.919-920, 1984.
20. JOB, C.K. Leprosy- the source of infection and its mode of transmission. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.69-76, 1981.
21. JOSEPH, B.Z.; YODER, L.J.; JACOBSON, R.R. Hansens disease in native-born citizens of the United States. Public. Health Rep., v.100, p. 666-71, 1985.
22. KAZDA, J. Occurrence of non-cultivable acid fast bacilli in the environment and their relationship to M. leprae. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.85-91, 1981.
23. KAZDA, J.; GANAPATI, R.; REVANKAR, C.; BUCHANAN, T.M.; YOUNG D.B.; IRGENS, L.M. Isolation of environmentderived Mycobacterium leprae from soil in Bombay. Leprosy Rev., v.57, n.3, p.201-8, 1986
24. KHANOLKAR, V.R. Perpectives in pathology of leprosy. Indian J. Med. Sci., v.9, n.1, p.1-44, 1955.
25. KIRCHHEIMER, W..F.; STORRS, E.E. Attempts to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) as a model for the study of
leprosy. I. Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo. Int. J. Leprosy, v.39, p.693-702, 1971.
26. KLINGMULLER, V. "Ergebnisse der Lepraforschung seit 1930". Berlin, 1938.
27. LOBEL, L.W.M. Lepra bubalorum (reprinted and condensed). Int.]. Leprosy, v.4, p.79-96, 1936.
28. MACHICAO, N.; LA PLACA, E. Lepra-like granulomas in frogs. Lab. invest., v.3, p.219-27, 1954.
29. MARCHOUX, E., 1934 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
30. MATSUOKA, M.; IZUMI, S.; BUDIAWAN, T.; NAKATA, N.; SAEKI K. Mycobacterium leprae DNA in daily using water as a possible source of leprosy infection. Indian J. Leprosy, v.71, n.1, p.61-67, 1999.
31. MEYERS, W.M.; GORMUS, B.J.; WALSH, G.P. Nonhuman sources of leprosy. Int. Leprosy, v.60, n.3, p.477-480, 1993.
32. MUNOZ RIVAS, G. Algunas observaciones relacionadas com Ias pulgas y la transmissión de la lepra. Rev. Facult. Med. Bogota,
v.10, p.635, 1942.
33. NARAYANAN, E.; MANJA, K.S.; BEDI, B.M.S.; KIRCHHEIMER WE., BALASUBRAHMANYAN, M. Arthropod feeding experiments in lepromatous leprosy. Leprosy Rev., v.43, p. 188-93, 1972.
34. NARAYANAN, E.; SREEVATSA, R.A.J.A.D.; KIRCHHEIMER, W.F.; BEDO, B.M.S. Persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae in Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans experimentally fed on leprosy patients. Leprosy in índia, v.50, p.26-37, 1978.
35. OPROMOLLA, DVA.; ARRUDA, 0.S.; FLEURY, R.N. Manutenção de tatus em cativeiro e resultados de inocularão do Mycobacterium /eprae. Hansen. Int., v.5, n.1, s.28, p.28-36, 1980.
36. PEDLEY, J.C. The presence of M. leprae in human milk. Leprosy Rev., v.38, p.239-42, 1967.
37. PORRIT, RJ.; OLSEN, R.E. Two simultaneous cases of leprosy developing in tattoos. Int. J. Leprosy, v.16, p.514, 1948.
39. RODRIGUES, S.; BERACO, E.; KOIZUMI, F.; ALCHORNE, M.M.A. Tatu e hansenfase. An. bras. Dermatol., v.68, n.6, p.340-345, 1993.
41. SALEM, H.; FONSECA, O.J.M. BAAR na agua do Lago Aleixo. Hansen. Int., v.7, n.1, p.25-35, 1982.
40. SAMPAIO, S.A.P.; RIVITTI, E.A. Dermatologia. São Paulo: Artes Médicas, 1998. p.467-488.
41. SAND, A. Geschieht diee Ansteckung der lepra durch unmitelbare Ubertragung? Mitteilung undd Veerhandlungen der
Leprakonferenz, 2. G. Fischeeer. Leipzgzig, 1910, p. 30-46
42. SANDES, 1911 apud DUNGAL, N. Is leprosy transmitted by arthropods? Leprosy Rev., v.32, p.28-35, 1961.
43. SANDES, T.L. The mode of transmission of leprosy. Brit. Med. J., v.2, p.469-470, 1991.
44. SMITH, J.H.; FOLSE, D.S.; LONG, E.G.; CHRISTIE, J.D.; CROUSE, D.T.; TEWES, M.E.; GATSON, A.M.; EHRHARDT, R.L.; FILE, S.K.; KELLY, M.T. Leprosy in wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) of Texas Gulf Coast: Epidemiology and Micobacteriology. J. Ret. Soc., v.34, p.75-88, 1983.
45. SOUZA ARAÚJO, H. Poderá o carrapato transmitir a lepra? Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.36, n.4, p.577-584, 1941.
46. STORRS, E.E. The nine-banded armadillo: a model for leprosy and other biomedical research. Int. J. Leprosy, v.39, p.703-14, 1971.
47. STORNER, CL.; BELEHU, A.; NSIBAMBI, J.; WARDORFF J. Bordeline tuberculoid leprosy following BCG vaccination. A case report. Int. J. Leprosy, v.49, p.16-20, 1981.
48. TAYLOR, C.E.; ELLISTON, ER; GIDEON, H. Asymtomatic infections in leprosy. Int. J. Leprosy, v.33, p.716-31, 1965.
49. TRUMAN, R.W.; SHANNON, L.J.; HUGH-JONES, M.E.; HAGSTAD, H.V.; WOLF A.; HASTINGS, R.C. Evaluation of the origin of M.leprae infections in wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., v.35, n.3, p.588-93, 1986.
50. TRUMAN, R.W., JOB C.K., HASTINGS R.C. Antibodies to the phenolic glicolipid-I antigen for epidemiologic investigations of enzootic leprosy in armadillos( Dasypus novemcinctus). Leprosy Rev., v.61, p. 19-24, 1990.
51. VAN BEERS, ST.; IZUMI, S.; MADJID B. et al. An epidemiological study of leprosy infection by serology and polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Leprosy, v.62, p.1-9, 1994.
52. WALSH, CP; STORRS, E.E.; BURCHFIELD, HP; VIDRINE, M.E; BINFORD, C.H. Leprosy-like disease occurring naturally in armadillos. J. reticul. Soc., v.18, p.347-51, 1975
53. WALSH, G.P.; MEYERS, W.M.; BINFORD, C.H.; GEROME, P.J.; WOLF, RH.; LEININGER, J.R. Leprosy - a zoonosis. Leprosy Rev., v.52, n.1, p.77-83, 1981.
54. WALSH, G.P; MEYERS, W.M.; BINFORD, C.H. Naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo: a decade of experience 1975-1985. J. Leuc. Biol., v.40, p.645-656, 1986.
55. WEISBURD, G. Profilaxis de las mocosis profundas. Rev. argent. Micol., v.5, p.32-34, 1982.
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Deps PD. Como o Mycobacterium leprae é transmitido?. Hansen. Int. [Internet]. 30º de junho de 2001 [citado 29º de abril de 2024];26(1):31-6. Disponível em: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/hansenologia/article/view/35331
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