Cell mediated immunity in patients with virchowian hanseniasis before and after treatment with transfer factor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47878/hi.1980.v5.35615Palavras-chave:
Hanseniasis, Cell mediated immunity, Transfer factorResumo
Cell mediated immunity (CMI), bacterial index (BI), morphological index (MI), skin and lymph nodes biopsies were evaluated in 15 patients with virchowian hanseniasis before and after treatment with transfer factor (TF) obtained from human spleens. The patients were divided in 3 groups: group I (control) received only sulforiti, group II received sulfone plus TF and group III received only TF. There was no difference in the numbers of peripherical T and B lymphocytes of patients and normal controls. Before the treatment with TF, there was an impaired response of the patient's peripheral lymphocytes to PHA stimulus, in the presence of autologous or homologous plasma. This depressed response was corrected after treatment With TF in the patients of group III. In none of the patients a positive Mitsuda reaction was observed before and after treatment with TF. The improvement of the MI observed in group IH, treated only with TF was remarkably similar to the patients treated only with sulfone. This work points out that TF has a role in the treatment of patients with virchowian hanseniasis, based on the improvement of CMI, MI, on histopathology of skin biopsies and clinical conditions.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
Referências
ALMEIDA GONÇALVES, J.C. & CUSTÓDIO, J. Treatment of Mitsuoa-negative leprosy patients with transfusions of whole blood from Mitsuda-positive donors. Lepr. Rev., 46(1): 15-20, 1975.
ANTIA, N.H. & KHANOLKAR, S.R. Transfer of cell-mediated immunity in leprosy by transfer of lymph nodes cells. Int. J. Lepr., 42(1):28-32, 1974
ABALA-CHAVES, M.P.; RAMOS, M.T.F.; PORTO, M.T. Specific and nonspecific effects of transfer factor dialysable leucocyte extracts. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 87-98.
BALLOW, M.; DUPONT, B.; HANSEN, J.A.; GOOD, R.A. Transfer factor therapy: evidence for nonspecific. Birth Defects, 11(1) :457-461, 1976.
BASTEN, A.; CROFT, S.; KENNY, D.F.; NELSON, D.S. Uses of transfer factor. Vox. Sang., Basel, 28(4) :257-277, 1975.
BLADEN, R.V. T-cell response to viral and bacterial infection. Transplant. Rev., 19:56-58, 1974.
BLADEN, R.V. & LANGMAN, R.E. Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial infection in the mouse. Thymus-derived cells as effectors of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. Scand. J. Immunol., / :379-391, 1972
BLAESE, R.M.; WEIDEN, P.; OPPENHEIN, J.J.; WALDMANN, TA. Phytohemagglutinin as a skin test for the evaluation of cellular immune competence in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 81:538-548, 1973.
BLOOM, B.B. In vitro approaches to the mechanism of cell-mediated immune reactions. Adv. Immunol., 18:102-208, 1971.
BLOOM, B.R. Immunogenic RNA in cell-mediated immunity. Introduction: Transfer factor (s) and delayed type hypersensitivity. Ann N. Y Acad. Sei., 207:352-354, 1973 a. BLOOM, B.R. Does transfer factor act specifically or as an immunologic adjuvant? New Engl. J. Med., 288:908-909, 1973 b.
BLOOM, B.R.;STONER , G., FISCHETTI, V.; NOWAKOWSKI, M.; MUSCHEL, R.; RUBINSTEIN, A. Products of activated lymphocytes (PALs) and the virus plaque assay. In: BRENT, L. & HOLBOROW, J. ed. Progress in Immunology. Amsterdam, 1974. v. 3, p. 133-144.
BONFORTE, R.J.; TOPILSKY, M.; SILTZBACH, L.E.; GLADE, P.R. Phytohemagglutinin skin test: a possible in vivo measure of cell-cediated immunity. J. Pediatr., 81:775-780, 1972.
BRIEGER, E.M. & ALLEN, J.M. II. The submicroscopical structure of M. leprae and the cell of Virchow (Ledra cell). In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964. p. 36-40.
BROWNE, S.G. Drug resistance in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 45(3) :276-278, 1974.
BULLOCK, W.E. Studies on immune mechanisms in leprosy. I. Depression of delayed allergic response to skin test antigens. New Eng. J. Med., 279:298-304, 1968.
BULLOCK, W.E. Leprosy: a model of immunological perturbation in chronic infection. J. Infect. Die., 137(3): 341-354, 1978.
BULLOCK, W.E. & FASAL, P. Studies of immune mechanisms in leprosy. III. The role of cellular and humoral factors in impairment of the in vitro immune response. J. Immunol., 106:888-899, 1971.
BULLOCK, W.E.; FIELDS, J.P.; BRANDISS, M.W. An evaluation of transfer factor as immunotherapy for patients with lepromatous leprosy. New Eng. J. Med., 287(21) :1053-1059, 1972.
BURNET, F.M. Transfer factor — a theoretical discussion. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 54:1-13, 1974.
CANDIDO SILVA; OLIVEIRA LIMA, A; ANDRADE, L.M.C.; MATTOS, O. Attempts to convert lepromatous into tuberculoid-type leprosy with blood lymphocyte extracts from sensitized donors. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15:87-92, 1973.
CATALONA, W.J.; TAYLOR, P.T.; CHRETIEN, P.B. Quantitative dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitization in a normal population. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:325-333, 1972.
CATANZARO, A. & SPITLER, L. Clinical and immunologic results of transfer factor therapy in coccidioidomycosis. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 477-494.
AFINES. Manual del IV Seminario Internacional sobre Histopatologia. e Inmunologia de CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ADIESTRAMENTO SOBRE LEPRA Y ENFERMEDADES Lepra y Enfermedades Afines (OMS/OPS). Caracas, 1974. [Mimeografado]
COCHRANE, R.G. & SMYLY, H.J. Classification. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practise. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964, p. 299-309.
CONSIGLI, C.A. La reacci6n de Mitsuda como estado de resistencia. Leprologia, 3(2) :117-125, 1958.
CONVIT, J.; PINARDI, M.E.; ROJAS, P.A. Some considerations regarding the immunology of leprosy. mt. J. Lepr., 39(2) :556-564, 1971.
CONVIT, J.; PINARDI, M.E.; RODRIGUEZ OCHOA, G.; ULRICH, M.; AVILA, J.L.; GOIHMAN, M. Elimination of Mycobacterium leprae subsequent to local in vivo activation of macrophages in lepromatous leprosy by other mycobacteria. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 17 (2) : 261-265, 1974.
COOPERBAND, S.R.; BADGER, A.M.; DAVIS, R.C.; SCHMID, K.; MANNICK, J.A. The effect of immunoregulatory globulin (IRA) upon lymphocytes in vitro. J. Immunol., 109:154-163, 1972.
DAGUILLARD, F. Immunologic significance of in vitro lymphocyte responses. Med. Clin. North. Am., 56:293-303, 1972.
DAVID, J.R. & DAVID, R.R. Cellular hypersensitivity and immunity. Inhibition of macrophage migration and the lymphocyte mediators. Prog. Allergy, 16:300-449, 1972.
DIERKS, R.E. & SHEPARD, C.C. Effect of phytohemagglutinin and various mycobacterial antigens on lymphocyte cultures from leprosy patients. Prog. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 127(2): 391-395, 1968.
DUMONDE, D.C.; WOLSTENCROFT, R.A.; PANAYI, G.S.; MATTHEW, M.; MORLEY, J.; HOWSON, W.T. Lymphokines: non-antibody mediators of cellular immunity generated by lymphocyte activation. Nature, 224:38-44, 1969.DUPUY, J.M. & PREUD'HOMME, J.L. Exploration de l'hypersensibilité retardeé par le 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzène (DNCB). Presse Med., 76(3):123-124, 1968.
DWYER, J.M.; BULLOCK, W.E.; FIELDS, J.P. Disturbance of the blood T: B lymphocyte ratio in lepromatous leprosy. Clinical and immunologic correlations. New Engl. J. Med., 288:1036-1039, 1973.
FABER, W.R.; LEIKER, D.L.; NENGERMAN, I.M.; SCHELLEKENS, R.T.A. A placebo controlled clinical trial of transfer factor in lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 85: 45-52, 1979.
FOWLES, R.E.; FAJARDO, LM.; LEIBOWITCH, J.L.; DAVID, J.R. The enhancement of macrophage bacteriostasis by products of activated lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 138:952-964, 1973.
FUDENBERG, H.H.; GOOD, RA.; GOODMAN, H.C., HITZIG, W,; KUNKEL, H.G.; ROITT, I.M.; ROSEN, F.S.; ROWE, D.S.; SELIGMANN, M.; SOOTHILL, J.R. Primary immunodeficiencies: Report of a World Health Organization Committee. Pediatrics, 47(5):927-946, 1971.
GAJL-PECZALSKA, K.J.; UM, S.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; GOODS, R.A. B lymphocytes in lepromatous leprosy. N. Engl. J. Med., 288:1033-1035, 1973.
GERY, I.; GERSHON, R.K.; WAKSMAN, B.H. Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. I. The responding cell. J. Exp. Med., 186:128-142, 1972.
GERY, I. & WAKSMAN, B.H., Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. II. The cellular source of potentiating mediator(s). J. Exp. Med.„ 186:143-155, 1972.
GODAL, T. Immunological aspects of leprosy: present status. Prog. Allergy, 25:211-242, 1978.
GODAL, T.; MYKLESTAD, B.; SAMUEL, D.R.; MYRVANG, B. Characterization of the cellular immune defect in lepromatous leprosy: a specific lack of circulating Mycobacterium leprae reactive lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 9:821-831, 1971.
GODAL, T.; MYRVANG, B.; FRÓLAND, S.S.; SHAD, J.; MELAKU, G. Evidence that the mechanism of immunological tolerance (central failure) is operative in the lack of host resistance in the lepromatous leprosy. Scand. J. Immunol., / :311-321, 1972.
GODAL, T.; MYRVANG, B.; STANFORD, J.L.; SAMUEL, D.R. Recent advances in the immunology of leprosy with special reference to new approaches in immunoprophylaxis. Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 72(3) :273-310, 1974.
GODAL, T.; REES, R.J.W.; LAMWIK, J.O. Lymphocyte mediated modification of blood-derived macrophage function in vitro; inhibition of growth of intracellular mycobacteria with lymphokines. Clin. Exp. Med., 8:625-637, 1971.
GOTTLIEB, A.A.; FOSTER, L.G.; WALDMAN, S.R. What is transfer factor? Lancet, 2(7833): 822-823, 1973.
GRAYBILL, J.R. & ALFORD, R.H. Variability of sequential studies of lymphocyte blastogenesis in normal adults. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 25(1) :28-35, 1976.
GRAYBILL, J.R.; SILVA, J.J.; ALFORD, R.H.; THOR, D.E. Immunologic and clinical improvement of progressive coccidioidomycosis following administration of transfer factor. Cell. Immunol., 8:120-135, 1973.
GRISCELLI, C.; REVILLARD, J.P.; BETUEL, H.; HERZOG, C.; TOURAINE, J.L. Transfer factor therapy in immunodeficiencies. Biomedicine, 18:220-227, 1973.
GROB, P.J.; REYMOND, J.F.; HACKI, M.A.; FREY-WETTSTEIN, M. Some physico-chemical and biological properties of a transfer factor preparation and its clinical application. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 247-262.
GUINTO, R.S. Skin tests in leprosy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei., 154:149-156, 1968.
HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; KAU, S.T. Prolonged survival of skin allografts in leprosy patients. Int. J. Lepr., 39(1) :1-6, 1971.
HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; LIN, Y.C. Transformation of leprous lymphocytes by leprolin, tu. berculin and phytohaemagglutinin. Int. J. Leur., 39(4) :789-795, 1971.HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; WANG, J.J.; TSAI, L.C.; UN, P.P. The behavior of leprous lymphocytes and macrophages in the macrophage migration-inhibition test. Int. J. Lepr., 42(2) :186-192, 1974.
HASTINGS, R.C.; MORALES, M.J.; SHANNON, E.J.; JACOBSON, R.R. Preliminary results on the safety and efficacy of transfer factor in leprosy. Mt. J. Lepr., 44(1/2) :275-283, 1976.
HITZIG, W.H. & GROB, P.J. Therapeutic uses of transfer factor. Prog. Clin. Immunol., 2:69-100, 1974.
HOKAMA, Y.; SU, D.W.P.; SKINSNES, O.K.; KIM, R.; KIMTJRA, L.; YANAGIHARA, E. Effect of C-reactive protein, PHA, PWM and choline phosphate in 3H-thymidine uptake of leukocytes of leprosy patients and normal individuals. Int. J. Lepr., 42(1) :19-27, 1974.
JANOSSY, G. & GREAVES, M. F. Lymphocyte activation. I. Response of T and B lymphocytes to phytomitogens. Clin. Exp. lmmunol., 9:483-498, 1971.
JANOSSY, G. & GREAVES, M.F. Lymphocyte activation. II. Discriminating stimulation of lymphocyte subpopulations by phytomitogens and heterologous antilymphocite sera. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 10:525-536, 1972.
JOB, C.K.; CHACKO, C.J.G.; TAYLOR, P.M. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in the histopathologic spectrum of leprosy using lymphocytes transformation test. Int. J. Lepr., 44:256-266, 1976.
JOHN, J.T.; VIJAYARATHNAN, P.; VERGHESE, R.; KRISHNAMT_TRTY, S. Lymphoblast transformation in leprosy. Indian. J. Med. Res. 62(5):696-698, 1974.
KHANOLKAR, V.R. Pathology of leprosy. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F., ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964. p. 125-151.
KIRKPATRICK, C.H. & GALLIN, J.I. Treatment of infections and neoplastic diseases with transfer factor. Oncology, 29:46-73, 1974.
KOPERSZTYCH, S.; REZKALLAH, M.T.; MIKI, S.S.; NASPITZ, C.K.; MENDES, N.F. Cell mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma: correlation between clinical stage and immunocompetence. Cancer, 38(3) :1149-1154, 1976.
KRAHENBUHL, J.L.; ROSEMBERG, L.T.; REMINGTON, J.S. The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the in vitro activation of macrophages to kill Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol., 111:992-995, 1973.
KRAHENBUHL, J.L.; WELCH, T.M.; LEVY, L. The presence of systemic and local activated macrophages in mice infected in the footpad with Mycobacterium leprae and M. marinum. Int. J. Lepr., 44(1/2)1206-215, 1976.
KROHN, K.; VOTILA, A.; GRiiHN, P.; VAISANEN, J. HILTUNEM, K.M. Studies on the biological and chemical nature of a component in transfer factor with immunologically nonspecific activity. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BA SIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 283-284.
KUPER, S.W.A. The lepromin reaction. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964, p. 183-189.
LANE, F.C. & UNA NUE, E.R. Requirements of thymus (T) lymphocytes for resistance to listeriose. J. Exp. Med., /85:1104-1112, 1972.
LAWLOR, G.J. JR.; STIEHN, E.R.; KAPLAN, M.S.; SENGAR, D.P.S. TERASAKI, P.I. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in the diagnosis of cellular immunodeficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 52:31-37, 1973.
LAWRENCE, H.S. The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin in man. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 71(4) :516-522, 1949.
LAWRENCE, H.S. The transfer in humans of delayed skin sensitivity to streptococcal M substance and to tuberculin with disrupted leucocytes. J. Clin. Invest., .94:219-230, 1955.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor and leprosy. Editorial. New Engl. J. Med., 278(6) :333-334, 1968.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor. Adv. Immunol., 11:195-266, 1969.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor in cellular immunity. Harvey Lect., 68 :239-350, 1974.
LAWRENCE, H.S. & AL-ASKARI, S. The preparation and purification of transfer factor. In: BLOOM, B.R. & GLADE, P.R. ed. In vitro methods in cell-mediated immunity. New York, Academic Press, 1971. P. 531-546.
LAWRENCE, H.S.; RAPAPORT, F.T.; CONVERSE, J.M.; TILLET, W.S. Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to skin homografts with leukocyte extracts in man. J. Clin. Invest., 39(1) :185-198, 1960.
LAY, W.H.; MENDES, N.F.; BIANCO, C.; NUSSENZWEIG, V. Binding of sheep red blood cells to a large population of human lymphocytes. Nature, 280:531-532,1971.
LESER, P.G.; NASPITZ, C.K.; TATANI, T. Preferential enhancement of human T cell survival "in vitro" using subthreshold concentration of phytohemagglutinin. Rev. Bras. Pesq. Med. Biol., 10(5) :289-291, 1977.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPITLER, L.E.; STITES, D.P.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Wiskott-Aldricr syndrome, a genetically determined cellular immunologic deficiency: clinical and laboratory responses to therapy with transfer factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sol., Washington, D.C., 67:821-828, 1970.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPILTER, L.E.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor therapy in immune deficiency states. Anna. Rev. Med., 24:175-208, 1973.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPITLER, L.E. FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor. I. Methods of therapy. Birth Defects, 11(1) :445-448, 1975.
LIM, S.D.; FUSARO, R.M.; GOOD, R.A. Leprosy VI. The treatment of leprosy patients with intravenous infusions of leukocytes from normal persons. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., / :122-139, 1972.
LIM, S.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; PARK, B.H.; GOOD, R.A. Leprosy XII. Quantitative analysis of thymus derived lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in leprosy. /nt. Lepr., 43(2) :95-100, 1975.
LIM, S.D.; KISZKISS, D.F.; JACOBSON, R.R.; CHOI, Y.S.; GOOD, R.A. Thymus-dependent lymphoc ftes of peripheral blood in leprosy patients. Infect. Immun., 9 :394-399, 1974.
MACKANESS, G.B. The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage activity in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 129:973-992, 1969.
MACKANESS, G.B. Delayed hypersensitivity and the mechanism of cellular resistance to infection. In: AMOS, B. ed. Progress in Immunology. New York, Academic Press, 1971. v. 1:413-424.
MACKANESS, G.B. & BLADEN, R.V. Cellular immunity. Prog. Allergy, 11:89-132, 1967.
MCGREGOR, D.D. & KOSTER„ F.T. The mediator of cellular immunity. IV. Cooperation between lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Cell. Immunol., 2:317-325, 1971.
MEHRA, V.L.; TALWAR, G.P.; BALAKRISHNAN, K.; BHUTANI, L.K. Influence of chemotherapy and serum factors on the mitogenic response of peripheral leucocytes of leprosy patients to phytohaemagglutinin. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:205-213, 1972.
MELTZER, M.S. & OPPENHEIM, J.J. Bidirectional amplification of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: enhanced lymphocyte activation factor production by activated adherent mouse peritoneal cells. J. Immunol., 118(1):77-82, 1977.
MENDES, E.; RAPHAEL, A.; MOTA, N.G.S.; MENDES, N.F. Cel-mediated immunity in leprosy and transfer of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 59:223-229, 1974.
MENDES, N.F. Immunological identification of human lymphoid cell populations. Lymphology, 10(2) :85-93, 1975.
MENDES, N.F.; KOPERSZTYCH, S.; MOTA, N.G.S. T and B lymphocytes in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 16(1) :23-30, 1974.
MENDES, N.F. & MENDES, E. Transfer factor, biological properties and therapeutic uses. In: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ALLERGOLOGY, 9., Buenos Aires, 1976. Proceedings. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medics, 1977. P. 66-71. (International Congress Series n. 414).
MENDES, N.F.; MIKI, S.S.; PEIXINHO, Z.F. Combined detection of human T and Blymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and zymosan-C3 complexes. J. Immunol., 113:531-534, 1974.
MENDES, N.F.; TOLNAI, M.E.A.; SILVEIRA, N.P.A.; GILBERTSEN, R.B.; METZGAR, R.S. Technical aspects of the rosette tests used to detect human complement receptor (B) and sheep erythrocyte binding (T) lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 111:860-867, 1973.
MILLER, J.F.A.P. & OSOBA, D. Current concepts of the immunological function of the thymus. Physiol. Rev., 47:437-520, 1967.
MILLS, J.A. The immunologic significance of antigen induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro. J. Immunol., 97:239-247, 1966.
MITSUDA, K. Les lepreux maculo-nerveux, d'une part, les tubéreux d'autre part, se comportent differemment it la suite d'une inoculation d'émulsion de tubercle lépreux. In: CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE DE LA LEPRE, 3., Strasbourg, 1923. Communications et débats. Paris, Haillière, 1924. P. 219-220.
MOTA, N.G.S. Comportamento de provas cutâneas para avaliação de imunidade celular em pacientes com hanseniase virchowiana. Botucatu, 1973. 86p. (Tese-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas de Botucatu).
MUSATTI, C.C.; REZKALLAH, M.T.; MENDES, E.; MENDES, N.F. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with paracoccidiodomycosis. Cel. Immunol., 24(2) :365-378, 1976.
MYRVANG, B.; GODAL, T.; RIDLEY, D.S.; FRbLAND, S.S.; SONG, Y.K. Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy. C/in. Exp. Immunol., 14:541-553, 1973.
NASPITZ, C.K. & RICHTER, M. The action of phytohaemagglutinin in vivo and in vitro: a review. Prog. Allergy, 12:1-85, 1968.
NATH, I.; CURTIS, J.; BHUTANI, L.K.; TALWAR, C.P. Reduction of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 18(1) :81-87, 1974.
NATHAN, C.F.; KARNOVSKY, M.L.; DAVID, J.R. Alterations of macrophage functions by mediators from lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 133:1356-1376, 1971.
NATHAN, C.F.; REMOLD, H.G.; DAVID, J.R. Characterization of a lymphocyte factor which alters macrophage functions. J. Exp. Med., 137:275-290, 1973.
NELSON, D.S. Immunity to infection allograft immunity and tumor immunity: parallels and contrasts. Transplant. Rev., 19:226-254, 1974.
NELSON, D.S.; NELSON, M.; THURSTON, J.M.; WATERS, M.F.R.; PEARSON, J.M.H. Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 9:33-43, 1971.
NORTH, R.J. Importance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity to infection Cell. Immunol., 7:166-176, 1973.
NO WELL, P.C. Phytohaemagglutinin: an initiator of mitosis in cultures of normal human leucocytes. Cancer Res., 20:462-466, 1960.
OORT, J. & TURK, J.L. A histological and autoradiographic study of lymph nodes during the development of contact sensitivity in the guinea-pig. Brit. J. Exp. Path., 49(2): 147-154, 1965.
OPPENHEIM, J.J. & SCHECTER, B. Lymphocyte transformation. In: ROSE, R.N. & FRIEDMAN, H. ed. Manual of clinical immunology. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology, 1976. cap. 9, p. 81-94.
ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DE LA SALUD. SERIE DE INFORMES TECNICOS. Inmunidad celular y resistencia a las infecciones. Ginebra, n. 519, 1973.PABST, H.F. & SWANSON, R. Successful treatment of candidiasis with transfer factor. Brit. Med. J., 2:442-443, 1972.
PAGNANO, P.G. Blastogãnese de linfeicitos de doentes de lepra, comunicantes e não comunicantes lepromino-positivos ou negativos, cultivados "in vitro" e estimulados pela fitohemaglutinina, em meios com soro heterólogo, plasma aut6logo ou plasma homólogo. Ribeirao Preto, 1974. [Tese — Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de Sao Paulo] spud Boi. Div. Nac. Lepra, 33(1/4) :5-69, 1974.
PARADISI, E.R.; BONAPARTE, Y.P.; MORGENFELD, M.C. Blasts in lepromatous leprosy. Letter. Lancet, 1 (7537) :308-309, 1968.
PARADISI, E.R.; BONAPARTE, Y.P.; MORGENFELD, M.C. Response in two groups of anergic patients to the transfer of leukocytes from sensitive donors. New Engl. J. Med., 280(16) :859-861, 1969.
PICK, E. & TURK, J.L. The biological activities of soluble lymphocyte products. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 10:1-23, 1972.
PTAK, W.; GAUGAS, J.M.; REES, R.J.W.; ALLISON, A.A. Immune responses in mice with murine leprosy. Clima. Exp. Immunol. 6:117-124, 1970.
RABELLO JUNIOR, E. Questões em discussão sobre a classificação das formas de lepra. Arch. Hyg., 8(1) :59-76, 1938.
RABELLO, F.E. & AZULAY, R.D. Immunological principles as a guide to a new leprosy concept: A lifelong study. mt. J. Dermatol., 14(10) :770-773, 1975.
REA, T.H. & LEVAN, N.E. Current concepts in the immunology of leprosy. Arch. Derm., 113(3) :345-352, 1977.
REA, T.H.; QUISMORIO, F.P.; HARDING, B.; NIES, K.M.; DI SAIA, J.P.; LEVAN, N.E.; FRIOU, G.J. Immunologic responses in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Arch. Dermatol., 112(6) :791-800, 1976.
BEES, R.J.W. The significance of the lepromin reaction in man. Prog. Allergy, 8:224-258, 1964.
RIDLEY, D.S. The bacteriological interpretation of skin smears and biopsies in leprosy. Trans. Rcry. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 49:449, 1955.
RIDLEY, D.S. Reactions in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 40:77-81, 1969.
ROCKLIN, R.E. Clinical applications of in vitro lymphocyte tests. Prog. Clin. Immunol., 2:21-67, 1974.
ROCKLIN, R.E. Use of transfer factor in patients with depressed cellular immunity and chronic infection. Birth Defects, 11(1) :431-436, 1975.
ROCKLIN, R.E.; CHILGREN, R.A.; HO NG, R.; DAVID, J.R. Transfer of cellular hypersensitivity in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis monitored in vivo and in vitro. Cell. Immunol., / :290-299, 1970.
ROTBERG, A. Some aspects of immunity in leprosy and their importance in epidemiology, pathogenesis and classification of forms of the disease; based in 1529 lepromin tested cases. Rev. Bras. Leprol., 5 (n.0 esp.) :45-97, 1937.
ROTBERG, A. Valor prognóstico da lepromino-reação de Mitsuda. Rev. Bras. Leprol., 12(4): 367-377, 1944.
SAHA, K. & MITTAL, M.M. A study of cell mediated immunity in leprosy: changing trends in the immunological spectrum of the disease. Cli I. Exp. Immunol., 8:901-909, 1971.
SAHA, K.; MITTAL, M.M.; MAHESWARI, H.B. Pass4ve transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by zansfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor. J. Clima. Microbiol., 1(3) :279-289, 1975.
SCHULKIND, M.L. & AYOUB, E.M. Transfer factor as an approach to the treatment o immunodeficiency in man and animals. Birth Defects, 11:436-440, 1975.
SHEAGREN, J.N.; BLOCK, J.B.; TRAUTMAN, J.R.; WOLFF, S.M. Immunologic reactivity in patients with leprosy. Ann. Intern. Med., 10:285-302, 1969.
3IEGEL, S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York. Mc GrawHill, 1965.SILVA, J.; ALLEN, J.; WHEELER, R.; BULL, F.; MORLEY, G. Transfer factor therapy in disseminated neoplasms. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Pres, 1976. p. 573-582.
SIMON, H.B. & SHEAGREN, J.N. Cellular immunity in vitro. I. Immunologically mediated enhancement of macrophage bactericidal capacity. J. Exp. Med., 133:1377-1389, 1971.
SOKAL, R.R. & ROHLF, F.J. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Sao Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 1969.
SPITLER, L.E. LEVIN, A.S.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor. II. Results of therapy. Birth Defects, 11 (1):449-456, 1975.
TALWAR, G.P.; HANJAN, S.N.S. MEHRA, V.L.; KIDWAI, Z. Lack of interaction of circulating T cells with phyLhemagglutinin in bacillary positive untreated lepromatous leprosy patients. Identification of subpopulations of lymphocytes by shifts in electrophoretic mobility. J. Immunol., 118(1) :242-247, 1977.
TALWAR, G.P.; KRISHNAN, A.D.; MEHRA, V.L.; BLUM, E.A.; PEARSON, J.M.H. Evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in untreated cases of leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:195-203, 1972.
THORSBY, E. & BRATLIE, A. A rapid method for preparation of pure lymphocyte suspensions. In: TERASAKI, P.I. ed Hystocompatibility testing. Copenhagen. Munksgaard, 1970. p. 655.
TURK, J.L. Cell-mediated immunological processes in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 4/(4) :207-222, 1970.
TURK, J.L. & BRYCESON, A.D. Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases. Adv. Immunol., 13:209-261, 1971.
TURK, J.L. & WATERS, M.F.R. Immunological basis for depression of cellular immunity and the delayed allergic response in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Lancet, 2:436-438, 1968.
TURK, J.L. & WATERS, M.F.R. Immunological significance of changes in lymphnodes across leprosy spectrum. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 8:363-376, 1971.
ULRICH, M.; SALAS, B. de; CONVIT, S. Lymphocyte transformation with phytomitogens in leprosy. hit. J. Lepr., 40:4-9, 1972.
VETTO, R.M.; BURGER, D.R.; NOLTE, J.E.• VANDENBARK, A.A. Transfer factor immunotherapy in cancer. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES
AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 523-535.
WALDORF, D.S.; SHEAGREN, J.N.; TRAUTMAN, J.R.; BLOCK, J.B. Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Lancet, 2(7467) :773-776, 1966.
WONG, P.C.; CHAN-TEOH, C.H.; WU, S.; KENDALL, F.H. Transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin in leprosy sera. Int. J. Lepr., 89:7-13, 1971.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Bacteriological examination. In: — A guide to leprosy control. Geneva, 1966. Annex 3, p. 1-5.(PA/66.214)
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy. Fourth Report, Geneva, n. 459, 1970.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Immunological problems in leprosy research: 1 — 2. Bull. Wld. 111th. Org. 48:354; 483-494, 1973.
WYBRAN, J.; CHANTLER, S.; FUDENBERG, HH. Human blood T cells: response to phytohemagglutinin. J. Immunol., 110(4) :1157-1160, 1973.
ZUCKERMAN, K.S.; NEIDHART, J.A.; BALCERZAK, S.P.; LO BUGLIO, A.F. Immunologic specificity of transfer factor. J. Clin. Invest., 54(4) :997-1000, 1974.
ANTIA, N.H. & KHANOLKAR, S.R. Transfer of cell-mediated immunity in leprosy by transfer of lymph nodes cells. Int. J. Lepr., 42(1):28-32, 1974
ABALA-CHAVES, M.P.; RAMOS, M.T.F.; PORTO, M.T. Specific and nonspecific effects of transfer factor dialysable leucocyte extracts. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 87-98.
BALLOW, M.; DUPONT, B.; HANSEN, J.A.; GOOD, R.A. Transfer factor therapy: evidence for nonspecific. Birth Defects, 11(1) :457-461, 1976.
BASTEN, A.; CROFT, S.; KENNY, D.F.; NELSON, D.S. Uses of transfer factor. Vox. Sang., Basel, 28(4) :257-277, 1975.
BLADEN, R.V. T-cell response to viral and bacterial infection. Transplant. Rev., 19:56-58, 1974.
BLADEN, R.V. & LANGMAN, R.E. Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial infection in the mouse. Thymus-derived cells as effectors of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. Scand. J. Immunol., / :379-391, 1972
BLAESE, R.M.; WEIDEN, P.; OPPENHEIN, J.J.; WALDMANN, TA. Phytohemagglutinin as a skin test for the evaluation of cellular immune competence in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 81:538-548, 1973.
BLOOM, B.B. In vitro approaches to the mechanism of cell-mediated immune reactions. Adv. Immunol., 18:102-208, 1971.
BLOOM, B.R. Immunogenic RNA in cell-mediated immunity. Introduction: Transfer factor (s) and delayed type hypersensitivity. Ann N. Y Acad. Sei., 207:352-354, 1973 a. BLOOM, B.R. Does transfer factor act specifically or as an immunologic adjuvant? New Engl. J. Med., 288:908-909, 1973 b.
BLOOM, B.R.;STONER , G., FISCHETTI, V.; NOWAKOWSKI, M.; MUSCHEL, R.; RUBINSTEIN, A. Products of activated lymphocytes (PALs) and the virus plaque assay. In: BRENT, L. & HOLBOROW, J. ed. Progress in Immunology. Amsterdam, 1974. v. 3, p. 133-144.
BONFORTE, R.J.; TOPILSKY, M.; SILTZBACH, L.E.; GLADE, P.R. Phytohemagglutinin skin test: a possible in vivo measure of cell-cediated immunity. J. Pediatr., 81:775-780, 1972.
BRIEGER, E.M. & ALLEN, J.M. II. The submicroscopical structure of M. leprae and the cell of Virchow (Ledra cell). In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964. p. 36-40.
BROWNE, S.G. Drug resistance in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 45(3) :276-278, 1974.
BULLOCK, W.E. Studies on immune mechanisms in leprosy. I. Depression of delayed allergic response to skin test antigens. New Eng. J. Med., 279:298-304, 1968.
BULLOCK, W.E. Leprosy: a model of immunological perturbation in chronic infection. J. Infect. Die., 137(3): 341-354, 1978.
BULLOCK, W.E. & FASAL, P. Studies of immune mechanisms in leprosy. III. The role of cellular and humoral factors in impairment of the in vitro immune response. J. Immunol., 106:888-899, 1971.
BULLOCK, W.E.; FIELDS, J.P.; BRANDISS, M.W. An evaluation of transfer factor as immunotherapy for patients with lepromatous leprosy. New Eng. J. Med., 287(21) :1053-1059, 1972.
BURNET, F.M. Transfer factor — a theoretical discussion. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 54:1-13, 1974.
CANDIDO SILVA; OLIVEIRA LIMA, A; ANDRADE, L.M.C.; MATTOS, O. Attempts to convert lepromatous into tuberculoid-type leprosy with blood lymphocyte extracts from sensitized donors. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15:87-92, 1973.
CATALONA, W.J.; TAYLOR, P.T.; CHRETIEN, P.B. Quantitative dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitization in a normal population. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:325-333, 1972.
CATANZARO, A. & SPITLER, L. Clinical and immunologic results of transfer factor therapy in coccidioidomycosis. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 477-494.
AFINES. Manual del IV Seminario Internacional sobre Histopatologia. e Inmunologia de CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ADIESTRAMENTO SOBRE LEPRA Y ENFERMEDADES Lepra y Enfermedades Afines (OMS/OPS). Caracas, 1974. [Mimeografado]
COCHRANE, R.G. & SMYLY, H.J. Classification. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practise. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964, p. 299-309.
CONSIGLI, C.A. La reacci6n de Mitsuda como estado de resistencia. Leprologia, 3(2) :117-125, 1958.
CONVIT, J.; PINARDI, M.E.; ROJAS, P.A. Some considerations regarding the immunology of leprosy. mt. J. Lepr., 39(2) :556-564, 1971.
CONVIT, J.; PINARDI, M.E.; RODRIGUEZ OCHOA, G.; ULRICH, M.; AVILA, J.L.; GOIHMAN, M. Elimination of Mycobacterium leprae subsequent to local in vivo activation of macrophages in lepromatous leprosy by other mycobacteria. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 17 (2) : 261-265, 1974.
COOPERBAND, S.R.; BADGER, A.M.; DAVIS, R.C.; SCHMID, K.; MANNICK, J.A. The effect of immunoregulatory globulin (IRA) upon lymphocytes in vitro. J. Immunol., 109:154-163, 1972.
DAGUILLARD, F. Immunologic significance of in vitro lymphocyte responses. Med. Clin. North. Am., 56:293-303, 1972.
DAVID, J.R. & DAVID, R.R. Cellular hypersensitivity and immunity. Inhibition of macrophage migration and the lymphocyte mediators. Prog. Allergy, 16:300-449, 1972.
DIERKS, R.E. & SHEPARD, C.C. Effect of phytohemagglutinin and various mycobacterial antigens on lymphocyte cultures from leprosy patients. Prog. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 127(2): 391-395, 1968.
DUMONDE, D.C.; WOLSTENCROFT, R.A.; PANAYI, G.S.; MATTHEW, M.; MORLEY, J.; HOWSON, W.T. Lymphokines: non-antibody mediators of cellular immunity generated by lymphocyte activation. Nature, 224:38-44, 1969.DUPUY, J.M. & PREUD'HOMME, J.L. Exploration de l'hypersensibilité retardeé par le 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzène (DNCB). Presse Med., 76(3):123-124, 1968.
DWYER, J.M.; BULLOCK, W.E.; FIELDS, J.P. Disturbance of the blood T: B lymphocyte ratio in lepromatous leprosy. Clinical and immunologic correlations. New Engl. J. Med., 288:1036-1039, 1973.
FABER, W.R.; LEIKER, D.L.; NENGERMAN, I.M.; SCHELLEKENS, R.T.A. A placebo controlled clinical trial of transfer factor in lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 85: 45-52, 1979.
FOWLES, R.E.; FAJARDO, LM.; LEIBOWITCH, J.L.; DAVID, J.R. The enhancement of macrophage bacteriostasis by products of activated lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 138:952-964, 1973.
FUDENBERG, H.H.; GOOD, RA.; GOODMAN, H.C., HITZIG, W,; KUNKEL, H.G.; ROITT, I.M.; ROSEN, F.S.; ROWE, D.S.; SELIGMANN, M.; SOOTHILL, J.R. Primary immunodeficiencies: Report of a World Health Organization Committee. Pediatrics, 47(5):927-946, 1971.
GAJL-PECZALSKA, K.J.; UM, S.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; GOODS, R.A. B lymphocytes in lepromatous leprosy. N. Engl. J. Med., 288:1033-1035, 1973.
GERY, I.; GERSHON, R.K.; WAKSMAN, B.H. Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. I. The responding cell. J. Exp. Med., 186:128-142, 1972.
GERY, I. & WAKSMAN, B.H., Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. II. The cellular source of potentiating mediator(s). J. Exp. Med.„ 186:143-155, 1972.
GODAL, T. Immunological aspects of leprosy: present status. Prog. Allergy, 25:211-242, 1978.
GODAL, T.; MYKLESTAD, B.; SAMUEL, D.R.; MYRVANG, B. Characterization of the cellular immune defect in lepromatous leprosy: a specific lack of circulating Mycobacterium leprae reactive lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 9:821-831, 1971.
GODAL, T.; MYRVANG, B.; FRÓLAND, S.S.; SHAD, J.; MELAKU, G. Evidence that the mechanism of immunological tolerance (central failure) is operative in the lack of host resistance in the lepromatous leprosy. Scand. J. Immunol., / :311-321, 1972.
GODAL, T.; MYRVANG, B.; STANFORD, J.L.; SAMUEL, D.R. Recent advances in the immunology of leprosy with special reference to new approaches in immunoprophylaxis. Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 72(3) :273-310, 1974.
GODAL, T.; REES, R.J.W.; LAMWIK, J.O. Lymphocyte mediated modification of blood-derived macrophage function in vitro; inhibition of growth of intracellular mycobacteria with lymphokines. Clin. Exp. Med., 8:625-637, 1971.
GOTTLIEB, A.A.; FOSTER, L.G.; WALDMAN, S.R. What is transfer factor? Lancet, 2(7833): 822-823, 1973.
GRAYBILL, J.R. & ALFORD, R.H. Variability of sequential studies of lymphocyte blastogenesis in normal adults. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 25(1) :28-35, 1976.
GRAYBILL, J.R.; SILVA, J.J.; ALFORD, R.H.; THOR, D.E. Immunologic and clinical improvement of progressive coccidioidomycosis following administration of transfer factor. Cell. Immunol., 8:120-135, 1973.
GRISCELLI, C.; REVILLARD, J.P.; BETUEL, H.; HERZOG, C.; TOURAINE, J.L. Transfer factor therapy in immunodeficiencies. Biomedicine, 18:220-227, 1973.
GROB, P.J.; REYMOND, J.F.; HACKI, M.A.; FREY-WETTSTEIN, M. Some physico-chemical and biological properties of a transfer factor preparation and its clinical application. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 247-262.
GUINTO, R.S. Skin tests in leprosy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei., 154:149-156, 1968.
HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; KAU, S.T. Prolonged survival of skin allografts in leprosy patients. Int. J. Lepr., 39(1) :1-6, 1971.
HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; LIN, Y.C. Transformation of leprous lymphocytes by leprolin, tu. berculin and phytohaemagglutinin. Int. J. Leur., 39(4) :789-795, 1971.HAN, S.H.; WEISER, R.S.; WANG, J.J.; TSAI, L.C.; UN, P.P. The behavior of leprous lymphocytes and macrophages in the macrophage migration-inhibition test. Int. J. Lepr., 42(2) :186-192, 1974.
HASTINGS, R.C.; MORALES, M.J.; SHANNON, E.J.; JACOBSON, R.R. Preliminary results on the safety and efficacy of transfer factor in leprosy. Mt. J. Lepr., 44(1/2) :275-283, 1976.
HITZIG, W.H. & GROB, P.J. Therapeutic uses of transfer factor. Prog. Clin. Immunol., 2:69-100, 1974.
HOKAMA, Y.; SU, D.W.P.; SKINSNES, O.K.; KIM, R.; KIMTJRA, L.; YANAGIHARA, E. Effect of C-reactive protein, PHA, PWM and choline phosphate in 3H-thymidine uptake of leukocytes of leprosy patients and normal individuals. Int. J. Lepr., 42(1) :19-27, 1974.
JANOSSY, G. & GREAVES, M. F. Lymphocyte activation. I. Response of T and B lymphocytes to phytomitogens. Clin. Exp. lmmunol., 9:483-498, 1971.
JANOSSY, G. & GREAVES, M.F. Lymphocyte activation. II. Discriminating stimulation of lymphocyte subpopulations by phytomitogens and heterologous antilymphocite sera. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 10:525-536, 1972.
JOB, C.K.; CHACKO, C.J.G.; TAYLOR, P.M. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in the histopathologic spectrum of leprosy using lymphocytes transformation test. Int. J. Lepr., 44:256-266, 1976.
JOHN, J.T.; VIJAYARATHNAN, P.; VERGHESE, R.; KRISHNAMT_TRTY, S. Lymphoblast transformation in leprosy. Indian. J. Med. Res. 62(5):696-698, 1974.
KHANOLKAR, V.R. Pathology of leprosy. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F., ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964. p. 125-151.
KIRKPATRICK, C.H. & GALLIN, J.I. Treatment of infections and neoplastic diseases with transfer factor. Oncology, 29:46-73, 1974.
KOPERSZTYCH, S.; REZKALLAH, M.T.; MIKI, S.S.; NASPITZ, C.K.; MENDES, N.F. Cell mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma: correlation between clinical stage and immunocompetence. Cancer, 38(3) :1149-1154, 1976.
KRAHENBUHL, J.L.; ROSEMBERG, L.T.; REMINGTON, J.S. The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the in vitro activation of macrophages to kill Listeria monocytogenes. J. Immunol., 111:992-995, 1973.
KRAHENBUHL, J.L.; WELCH, T.M.; LEVY, L. The presence of systemic and local activated macrophages in mice infected in the footpad with Mycobacterium leprae and M. marinum. Int. J. Lepr., 44(1/2)1206-215, 1976.
KROHN, K.; VOTILA, A.; GRiiHN, P.; VAISANEN, J. HILTUNEM, K.M. Studies on the biological and chemical nature of a component in transfer factor with immunologically nonspecific activity. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BA SIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 283-284.
KUPER, S.W.A. The lepromin reaction. In: COCHRANE, R.G. & DAVEY, T.F. ed. Leprosy in theory and practice. 2. ed. Bristol, J. Wright, 1964, p. 183-189.
LANE, F.C. & UNA NUE, E.R. Requirements of thymus (T) lymphocytes for resistance to listeriose. J. Exp. Med., /85:1104-1112, 1972.
LAWLOR, G.J. JR.; STIEHN, E.R.; KAPLAN, M.S.; SENGAR, D.P.S. TERASAKI, P.I. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in the diagnosis of cellular immunodeficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 52:31-37, 1973.
LAWRENCE, H.S. The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin in man. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 71(4) :516-522, 1949.
LAWRENCE, H.S. The transfer in humans of delayed skin sensitivity to streptococcal M substance and to tuberculin with disrupted leucocytes. J. Clin. Invest., .94:219-230, 1955.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor and leprosy. Editorial. New Engl. J. Med., 278(6) :333-334, 1968.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor. Adv. Immunol., 11:195-266, 1969.
LAWRENCE, H.S. Transfer factor in cellular immunity. Harvey Lect., 68 :239-350, 1974.
LAWRENCE, H.S. & AL-ASKARI, S. The preparation and purification of transfer factor. In: BLOOM, B.R. & GLADE, P.R. ed. In vitro methods in cell-mediated immunity. New York, Academic Press, 1971. P. 531-546.
LAWRENCE, H.S.; RAPAPORT, F.T.; CONVERSE, J.M.; TILLET, W.S. Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to skin homografts with leukocyte extracts in man. J. Clin. Invest., 39(1) :185-198, 1960.
LAY, W.H.; MENDES, N.F.; BIANCO, C.; NUSSENZWEIG, V. Binding of sheep red blood cells to a large population of human lymphocytes. Nature, 280:531-532,1971.
LESER, P.G.; NASPITZ, C.K.; TATANI, T. Preferential enhancement of human T cell survival "in vitro" using subthreshold concentration of phytohemagglutinin. Rev. Bras. Pesq. Med. Biol., 10(5) :289-291, 1977.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPITLER, L.E.; STITES, D.P.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Wiskott-Aldricr syndrome, a genetically determined cellular immunologic deficiency: clinical and laboratory responses to therapy with transfer factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sol., Washington, D.C., 67:821-828, 1970.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPILTER, L.E.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor therapy in immune deficiency states. Anna. Rev. Med., 24:175-208, 1973.
LEVIN, A.S.; SPITLER, L.E. FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor. I. Methods of therapy. Birth Defects, 11(1) :445-448, 1975.
LIM, S.D.; FUSARO, R.M.; GOOD, R.A. Leprosy VI. The treatment of leprosy patients with intravenous infusions of leukocytes from normal persons. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., / :122-139, 1972.
LIM, S.D.; JACOBSON, R.R.; PARK, B.H.; GOOD, R.A. Leprosy XII. Quantitative analysis of thymus derived lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in leprosy. /nt. Lepr., 43(2) :95-100, 1975.
LIM, S.D.; KISZKISS, D.F.; JACOBSON, R.R.; CHOI, Y.S.; GOOD, R.A. Thymus-dependent lymphoc ftes of peripheral blood in leprosy patients. Infect. Immun., 9 :394-399, 1974.
MACKANESS, G.B. The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage activity in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 129:973-992, 1969.
MACKANESS, G.B. Delayed hypersensitivity and the mechanism of cellular resistance to infection. In: AMOS, B. ed. Progress in Immunology. New York, Academic Press, 1971. v. 1:413-424.
MACKANESS, G.B. & BLADEN, R.V. Cellular immunity. Prog. Allergy, 11:89-132, 1967.
MCGREGOR, D.D. & KOSTER„ F.T. The mediator of cellular immunity. IV. Cooperation between lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Cell. Immunol., 2:317-325, 1971.
MEHRA, V.L.; TALWAR, G.P.; BALAKRISHNAN, K.; BHUTANI, L.K. Influence of chemotherapy and serum factors on the mitogenic response of peripheral leucocytes of leprosy patients to phytohaemagglutinin. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:205-213, 1972.
MELTZER, M.S. & OPPENHEIM, J.J. Bidirectional amplification of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: enhanced lymphocyte activation factor production by activated adherent mouse peritoneal cells. J. Immunol., 118(1):77-82, 1977.
MENDES, E.; RAPHAEL, A.; MOTA, N.G.S.; MENDES, N.F. Cel-mediated immunity in leprosy and transfer of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 59:223-229, 1974.
MENDES, N.F. Immunological identification of human lymphoid cell populations. Lymphology, 10(2) :85-93, 1975.
MENDES, N.F.; KOPERSZTYCH, S.; MOTA, N.G.S. T and B lymphocytes in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 16(1) :23-30, 1974.
MENDES, N.F. & MENDES, E. Transfer factor, biological properties and therapeutic uses. In: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ALLERGOLOGY, 9., Buenos Aires, 1976. Proceedings. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medics, 1977. P. 66-71. (International Congress Series n. 414).
MENDES, N.F.; MIKI, S.S.; PEIXINHO, Z.F. Combined detection of human T and Blymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and zymosan-C3 complexes. J. Immunol., 113:531-534, 1974.
MENDES, N.F.; TOLNAI, M.E.A.; SILVEIRA, N.P.A.; GILBERTSEN, R.B.; METZGAR, R.S. Technical aspects of the rosette tests used to detect human complement receptor (B) and sheep erythrocyte binding (T) lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 111:860-867, 1973.
MILLER, J.F.A.P. & OSOBA, D. Current concepts of the immunological function of the thymus. Physiol. Rev., 47:437-520, 1967.
MILLS, J.A. The immunologic significance of antigen induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro. J. Immunol., 97:239-247, 1966.
MITSUDA, K. Les lepreux maculo-nerveux, d'une part, les tubéreux d'autre part, se comportent differemment it la suite d'une inoculation d'émulsion de tubercle lépreux. In: CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE DE LA LEPRE, 3., Strasbourg, 1923. Communications et débats. Paris, Haillière, 1924. P. 219-220.
MOTA, N.G.S. Comportamento de provas cutâneas para avaliação de imunidade celular em pacientes com hanseniase virchowiana. Botucatu, 1973. 86p. (Tese-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas de Botucatu).
MUSATTI, C.C.; REZKALLAH, M.T.; MENDES, E.; MENDES, N.F. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with paracoccidiodomycosis. Cel. Immunol., 24(2) :365-378, 1976.
MYRVANG, B.; GODAL, T.; RIDLEY, D.S.; FRbLAND, S.S.; SONG, Y.K. Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy. C/in. Exp. Immunol., 14:541-553, 1973.
NASPITZ, C.K. & RICHTER, M. The action of phytohaemagglutinin in vivo and in vitro: a review. Prog. Allergy, 12:1-85, 1968.
NATH, I.; CURTIS, J.; BHUTANI, L.K.; TALWAR, C.P. Reduction of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in lepromatous leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 18(1) :81-87, 1974.
NATHAN, C.F.; KARNOVSKY, M.L.; DAVID, J.R. Alterations of macrophage functions by mediators from lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 133:1356-1376, 1971.
NATHAN, C.F.; REMOLD, H.G.; DAVID, J.R. Characterization of a lymphocyte factor which alters macrophage functions. J. Exp. Med., 137:275-290, 1973.
NELSON, D.S. Immunity to infection allograft immunity and tumor immunity: parallels and contrasts. Transplant. Rev., 19:226-254, 1974.
NELSON, D.S.; NELSON, M.; THURSTON, J.M.; WATERS, M.F.R.; PEARSON, J.M.H. Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 9:33-43, 1971.
NORTH, R.J. Importance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity to infection Cell. Immunol., 7:166-176, 1973.
NO WELL, P.C. Phytohaemagglutinin: an initiator of mitosis in cultures of normal human leucocytes. Cancer Res., 20:462-466, 1960.
OORT, J. & TURK, J.L. A histological and autoradiographic study of lymph nodes during the development of contact sensitivity in the guinea-pig. Brit. J. Exp. Path., 49(2): 147-154, 1965.
OPPENHEIM, J.J. & SCHECTER, B. Lymphocyte transformation. In: ROSE, R.N. & FRIEDMAN, H. ed. Manual of clinical immunology. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology, 1976. cap. 9, p. 81-94.
ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DE LA SALUD. SERIE DE INFORMES TECNICOS. Inmunidad celular y resistencia a las infecciones. Ginebra, n. 519, 1973.PABST, H.F. & SWANSON, R. Successful treatment of candidiasis with transfer factor. Brit. Med. J., 2:442-443, 1972.
PAGNANO, P.G. Blastogãnese de linfeicitos de doentes de lepra, comunicantes e não comunicantes lepromino-positivos ou negativos, cultivados "in vitro" e estimulados pela fitohemaglutinina, em meios com soro heterólogo, plasma aut6logo ou plasma homólogo. Ribeirao Preto, 1974. [Tese — Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de Sao Paulo] spud Boi. Div. Nac. Lepra, 33(1/4) :5-69, 1974.
PARADISI, E.R.; BONAPARTE, Y.P.; MORGENFELD, M.C. Blasts in lepromatous leprosy. Letter. Lancet, 1 (7537) :308-309, 1968.
PARADISI, E.R.; BONAPARTE, Y.P.; MORGENFELD, M.C. Response in two groups of anergic patients to the transfer of leukocytes from sensitive donors. New Engl. J. Med., 280(16) :859-861, 1969.
PICK, E. & TURK, J.L. The biological activities of soluble lymphocyte products. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 10:1-23, 1972.
PTAK, W.; GAUGAS, J.M.; REES, R.J.W.; ALLISON, A.A. Immune responses in mice with murine leprosy. Clima. Exp. Immunol. 6:117-124, 1970.
RABELLO JUNIOR, E. Questões em discussão sobre a classificação das formas de lepra. Arch. Hyg., 8(1) :59-76, 1938.
RABELLO, F.E. & AZULAY, R.D. Immunological principles as a guide to a new leprosy concept: A lifelong study. mt. J. Dermatol., 14(10) :770-773, 1975.
REA, T.H. & LEVAN, N.E. Current concepts in the immunology of leprosy. Arch. Derm., 113(3) :345-352, 1977.
REA, T.H.; QUISMORIO, F.P.; HARDING, B.; NIES, K.M.; DI SAIA, J.P.; LEVAN, N.E.; FRIOU, G.J. Immunologic responses in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Arch. Dermatol., 112(6) :791-800, 1976.
BEES, R.J.W. The significance of the lepromin reaction in man. Prog. Allergy, 8:224-258, 1964.
RIDLEY, D.S. The bacteriological interpretation of skin smears and biopsies in leprosy. Trans. Rcry. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 49:449, 1955.
RIDLEY, D.S. Reactions in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 40:77-81, 1969.
ROCKLIN, R.E. Clinical applications of in vitro lymphocyte tests. Prog. Clin. Immunol., 2:21-67, 1974.
ROCKLIN, R.E. Use of transfer factor in patients with depressed cellular immunity and chronic infection. Birth Defects, 11(1) :431-436, 1975.
ROCKLIN, R.E.; CHILGREN, R.A.; HO NG, R.; DAVID, J.R. Transfer of cellular hypersensitivity in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis monitored in vivo and in vitro. Cell. Immunol., / :290-299, 1970.
ROTBERG, A. Some aspects of immunity in leprosy and their importance in epidemiology, pathogenesis and classification of forms of the disease; based in 1529 lepromin tested cases. Rev. Bras. Leprol., 5 (n.0 esp.) :45-97, 1937.
ROTBERG, A. Valor prognóstico da lepromino-reação de Mitsuda. Rev. Bras. Leprol., 12(4): 367-377, 1944.
SAHA, K. & MITTAL, M.M. A study of cell mediated immunity in leprosy: changing trends in the immunological spectrum of the disease. Cli I. Exp. Immunol., 8:901-909, 1971.
SAHA, K.; MITTAL, M.M.; MAHESWARI, H.B. Pass4ve transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by zansfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor. J. Clima. Microbiol., 1(3) :279-289, 1975.
SCHULKIND, M.L. & AYOUB, E.M. Transfer factor as an approach to the treatment o immunodeficiency in man and animals. Birth Defects, 11:436-440, 1975.
SHEAGREN, J.N.; BLOCK, J.B.; TRAUTMAN, J.R.; WOLFF, S.M. Immunologic reactivity in patients with leprosy. Ann. Intern. Med., 10:285-302, 1969.
3IEGEL, S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York. Mc GrawHill, 1965.SILVA, J.; ALLEN, J.; WHEELER, R.; BULL, F.; MORLEY, G. Transfer factor therapy in disseminated neoplasms. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Pres, 1976. p. 573-582.
SIMON, H.B. & SHEAGREN, J.N. Cellular immunity in vitro. I. Immunologically mediated enhancement of macrophage bactericidal capacity. J. Exp. Med., 133:1377-1389, 1971.
SOKAL, R.R. & ROHLF, F.J. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Sao Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 1969.
SPITLER, L.E. LEVIN, A.S.; FUDENBERG, H.H. Transfer factor. II. Results of therapy. Birth Defects, 11 (1):449-456, 1975.
TALWAR, G.P.; HANJAN, S.N.S. MEHRA, V.L.; KIDWAI, Z. Lack of interaction of circulating T cells with phyLhemagglutinin in bacillary positive untreated lepromatous leprosy patients. Identification of subpopulations of lymphocytes by shifts in electrophoretic mobility. J. Immunol., 118(1) :242-247, 1977.
TALWAR, G.P.; KRISHNAN, A.D.; MEHRA, V.L.; BLUM, E.A.; PEARSON, J.M.H. Evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in untreated cases of leprosy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12:195-203, 1972.
THORSBY, E. & BRATLIE, A. A rapid method for preparation of pure lymphocyte suspensions. In: TERASAKI, P.I. ed Hystocompatibility testing. Copenhagen. Munksgaard, 1970. p. 655.
TURK, J.L. Cell-mediated immunological processes in leprosy. Lepr. Rev., 4/(4) :207-222, 1970.
TURK, J.L. & BRYCESON, A.D. Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases. Adv. Immunol., 13:209-261, 1971.
TURK, J.L. & WATERS, M.F.R. Immunological basis for depression of cellular immunity and the delayed allergic response in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Lancet, 2:436-438, 1968.
TURK, J.L. & WATERS, M.F.R. Immunological significance of changes in lymphnodes across leprosy spectrum. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 8:363-376, 1971.
ULRICH, M.; SALAS, B. de; CONVIT, S. Lymphocyte transformation with phytomitogens in leprosy. hit. J. Lepr., 40:4-9, 1972.
VETTO, R.M.; BURGER, D.R.; NOLTE, J.E.• VANDENBARK, A.A. Transfer factor immunotherapy in cancer. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BASIC PROPERTIES
AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSFER FACTOR, 2., Friderick, Md, 1975. New York, Academic Press, 1976. p. 523-535.
WALDORF, D.S.; SHEAGREN, J.N.; TRAUTMAN, J.R.; BLOCK, J.B. Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Lancet, 2(7467) :773-776, 1966.
WONG, P.C.; CHAN-TEOH, C.H.; WU, S.; KENDALL, F.H. Transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin in leprosy sera. Int. J. Lepr., 89:7-13, 1971.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Bacteriological examination. In: — A guide to leprosy control. Geneva, 1966. Annex 3, p. 1-5.(PA/66.214)
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy. Fourth Report, Geneva, n. 459, 1970.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Immunological problems in leprosy research: 1 — 2. Bull. Wld. 111th. Org. 48:354; 483-494, 1973.
WYBRAN, J.; CHANTLER, S.; FUDENBERG, HH. Human blood T cells: response to phytohemagglutinin. J. Immunol., 110(4) :1157-1160, 1973.
ZUCKERMAN, K.S.; NEIDHART, J.A.; BALCERZAK, S.P.; LO BUGLIO, A.F. Immunologic specificity of transfer factor. J. Clin. Invest., 54(4) :997-1000, 1974.
Downloads
Publicado
30-06-1980
Como Citar
1.
LESER PG, MARGARIDO L, BELDA W, SARTORI SG, HARES WA, FREIRE CAR, FLEURY R, MONTENEGRO MR, LESER W, NASPITZ CK. Cell mediated immunity in patients with virchowian hanseniasis before and after treatment with transfer factor. Hansen. Int. [Internet]. 30º de junho de 1980 [citado 28º de abril de 2024];5(1):3-27. Disponível em: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/hansenologia/article/view/35615
Edição
Seção
Artigos originais
Licença
Este periódico está licenciado sob uma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
