Keywords
mouth cavity
Candida albicans
C. parapsilosis complex (psilosis group)
virulence
How to Cite
Abstract
Bacterial or fungal infections might produce a clinical feature of mastitis, which is one of the main causes of precocious breast-feeding discontinuity. In addition, when the potentially pathogenic microorganisms as yeast of Candida genera were in high counting in the intestine, might cause dysbiosis. This study aimed detecting and identifying fungi in human milk and anatomical sites of breast-feeding women and infants who were enrolled at Human Milk Bank of the Institute Fernandes Figueira. The virulence of the yeast isolates was evaluated by means of proteolytic activity tests. Eight-one percent of 64 analyzed samples showed positive results to fungi, with a highest prevalence of Candida albicans (73%) followed by C. parapsilosis complex (15.4%). Similar profiles were found in samples of milk, of breasts and of infants mouth cavity, suggesting a correlation between breast-feeding mothers and infants cutaneous infections with the ingested milk. The virulence of the isolated Candida was determined by the proteolytic activity test. All of the isolates (100%) were strongly positive, indicating a high degree of infectivity. The high prevalence of C. albicans in samples collected from breasts, mouth cavity and milk is a crucial risk factor for the infants health.References
1. Andrews JI, Fleener DK, Messer SA, Hansen WF, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ.The yeast connection: is Candida linked to breastfeeding associated pain?Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(4):424e1-4.
2. Panjaitan M, Amir, LH, Costa AM, Rudland E, Tabrizi S. Breastfeedi Med. 2008;3(3):185-7
3. Odds FC. Pathogenesis of Candida infections. J Amer Acad Dermatol. 1994;31(3):S2-S5.
4. De Toro M, Torres MJ, Maite R, Aznar J. Characterization of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(3):418-24.
5. Furlaneto-Maia L, Specian AFL, Thõrn DSW, Oliveira MT. Estudo da incidência de amostras clínicas do gênero Candidaisoladas de diversos sítios anatômicos. Acta Sci Health Sci. 2007;29(1):33-7.
6. Murray PR. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1995. p. 85-93.
7. Sullivan DJ, Moran G, Donnelly S, Gees, Pinjon E, McCartan B, et al. Candida dubliniensis sp. Rev Iberoam Micol. 1999;16:72-6.
8. Vargas KG, Joly S. Carriage Frequency, intensive of Carriage, and Strains of Oral Yeast Species Vary in the Progression to Oral Candidiasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(2):341-50.
9. Sgarbieri, V. Propriedades fisiológicas-funcionais das proteínas do soro de leite. Rev Nutrição. 2004;17(4):397-409.
10. Bougnoux ME, Aanensen DM, Morand S, Théraud M, Spratt BG, d’Enfert C. Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans: strategies, data exchange and applications. Infect Genet Evol. 2004;4(3):243-52.
11. Ruchel R, Tegeler R, Trost M. A comparision of secretory proteinase from different stains of Candida albicans. Saborandia. 1982;20:233-4.
12. Bennett DE, McCreary CE, Coleman DC. Genetic characterization of phospholipase C gene from Candida albicans: presence of homologous sequences in Candida species other than Candida albicans. Microbiol. 1998;144:55-72.
13. Ghannoum MA. Phospholipases in virulence and fungal phatogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(1):124-34.
14. Hanula J, Saarela M, Dogan B, Paatsama J, Koukila-Kahkola P, Pirinen S, et al. Comparison of virulence factors of oral Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans isolates in healthy people and patients with chronic candidiosis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000;15(4):238-44.
15. Bein M, Scaller M, Hans CK, Baur S, Hamm G, Monod M, et al. The secreted aspartyl proteinase sap1 and sap2 cause tissue damage in an vitro model of vaginal candidiasis based on reconstituted human vaginal epithelium. Infect Immun. 2003;71(6):3227-34.
16. Alvares CA, Suidzzinski TE, Lopes MEL. Candidíase vulvovaginal: fatores predisponentes do hospedeiro e virulência das liveduras. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2007;41(5):319-27.
17. Hoyer LL. The ALS Gene Family of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol. 2001;9(4):176-80.
18. Goes VFF. Ação de extratos, óleos essenciais e frações isoladas de plantas Medicinais sobre a formação do biofilme em Candidassp. [tese de doutorado]. São Paulo (SP): Unicamp; 2009.
19. Tronchin G, Bouchara IP, Annaix V, Robert T, Senet JM. Fungal cell adhesion in Candida albicans. Eur J Epidemiol. 1991;7:23-33.
20. Kretschmar M, Hube B, Bertsch T, Sanglaard D, Merker R, Schoroder M, et al. Germ tubes and proteinase activity contribuite to virulence of Candida albicans in murine peritonitis. Infect Immun. 1999;67(12):6637-42.
21. Sidrim JJC, Moreira JLB. Fundamentos clínicos e laboratoriais de micologia médica. Rio de Janeiro (RJ): Guanabara Koogan; 1999.
22. Price FM, Genetrys IO, Wclacinson IP. Plate method for detection for phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabourandia. 1982;20:27-34.
23. Nucci M. Candiduria in hospitalized patients: A review. Bras J Infec Dis. 2000;4:168-72.
24. Rodriguez-Tudella JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Fungemia by yeast: a multicenter study in Spain. Rev Clin Esp. 1999;199:356-61.
25. Morgan J. Global trends in candidemia: Review of reports from 1995-2005. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2005;7:429-39.
26. Krcméry V Jr., Kovacicová G. Longitudinal 10-year prospective survey of fungaemia in Slovak Republic: Trends in etiology in 310 episodes. The Slovak Fungaemia Study Group Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;36:7-11.
27. Contreras I, Ponton J, Quindos G. Prevalence of Candida parapsilosis in the oral cavities of infants in Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18(3):480-1.
28. Tortora GF, Funke BR, Case CL. Microbiologia. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas Sul; 2000.
29. Budtz-Jorgensen E. Etiology, pathogenesis, therapy and profilaxis of oral yeast infections. Acta Odontol Scand. 1990;48(1):61-9.
30. Neville BW, Dann DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Fungal and Protozoal diseases. In: Oral & Maxillofacial pathology. Filadélfia; 1995.
31. Nisengard RJ, Newman MG. Microbiologia oral e imunologia. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro (RJ): Guanabara Koogan; 1997.
32. Almeida JAG. Qualidade do leite humano coletado e processado em banco de leite [dissertação de mestrado]. Viçosa (MG): Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 1986.
33. Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T. The Yeasts, a taxonomic study. 5. ed. San Diego (CA): Elsevier; 2011. 2080 p.
34. MacDonald F. Secretion of inducible proteinase by pathogenic Candida species. Sobouraudia. 1984;22(1):79-82.
35. Penha SS. Frequency and enzymatic activity (proteinase and phospholipase) of Candida albicans from edentulous patients with and without denture stomatitis. Pesq Odont Bras. 2000;14(2):119-22.
36. Candido RC, Azevedo RVP, Komesu MC. Enzimotipagem de espécies do gênero Candida isoladas da cavidade bucal. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2000;33(5):437-42.
37. Holmstrup P, Samaranayake LP. Acute and AIDS related oral candidoses. In: Samaranayake LP, Mac Farlane TW. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright; 1990. cap. 8, p. 133-55.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2012 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal
Downloads
