Keywords
Retrovirus
Endogenous virus
virus endogenous expression
RIA
Endogenous virus
virus endogenous expression
RIA
How to Cite
1.
Souza-Felippe JMM de, Higuchi T. Expression of avian leukosis virus proteins p27 and p19 in uninfected chicken, drake and quail cells . Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz [Internet]. 1989 Dec. 29 [cited 2024 Nov. 25];49(2):169-78. Available from: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/RIAL/article/view/36952
Abstract
Normal, uninfected animal cells have an unique feature, the presence in their genome of genes (proviruses) identical or closely related to infectious exogenous retrovirus. The level of expression of these genes varies from individual to individual; from complete silence to the production of virus particles. Exogenous and endogenous virus proteins were purified from sonicated viruses passed through a Sepharose 6B column satured with 6M guanidinium hydrochloride. The presence of equivalents of antigens p27 and p19 was analysed by radioimmunoassay. The presence of endogenous virus components was investigated in CEP, heart, brain, tigh muscle and wing muscle of chicken, quail and drake. The function or significance of the proteins are not known. Immunological, hormonal and environmental factors remain to be studied.
References
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2. ASTRIN, S. M., CRITTENDEN, L. B. & BUSS, E. G.- ev-2, a genetic locus containning structural genes for endogenous virus, codes for Rous-associated virus type-O produced by line 72 chickens. J. Virol., 33: 250-5, 1980.
3. ASTRIN, S. M. & ROBINSON, H. L. - Gs, an allele of chicken for endogenous avian leukosis viral antigens, segregates with ev-3, a genetic locus that contains structural genes for virus. J. Virol., 31: 420-5, 1979.
4. AUGUST, J. T., BOLOGNESI, D. P., FLEISSNER, E., GILDEN, R. V. & NOWINSKI, R. C. - A proposed nomenclature for the virion proteins of oncogenic RNA viruses. Virology, 60: 595-601, 1974.
5. BAKER, B., ROBINSON, H. L., VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Analysis of endogenous avian retrovirus DNA and RNA: viral and cellular determinants of retrovirus gene expression. Virology, 144: 8-22, 1981.
6. BALUDA, M. A. - Widespread presence in chickens of DNA complementary to RNA genome of avian leukosis virus. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 576-80, 1972.
7. BAUER, H. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. II. Serological caracterization. Virology, 42: 1113-26, 1970.
8. BOLOGNESI, D. P. & BAUER, H. - Polipeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. I. Isolation and physical and chemical analysis. Virology, 42: 1097112, 1970.
9. BRADFORD, M. M. - A rapid and sensrtrve method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,72: 248-54, 1976.
10. CALOS, M. P. & MILLER, J. H. - Transposable elements. Gel!,20: 579-95, 1980.
11. CHARMAN, H.; KIM, N. & GILDEN, R. V. - Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of hamster type-C viruses. J. Virol., 14: 910-7, 1974.
12. COHEN, J. C. - Methylation of milk-bome and genetically transmitted mouse mammary tumor vírus proviral DNA. cai, 19: 653-66, 1980.
13. COHEN, J. C.& VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous mammary tumor virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature, 278: 418-23, 1979.
14. CRITTENDEN, L. B.; SMITH, E. J.; WEISS, R. A. & SARMA P. S. - Host gene control of endogenous avian leukosis virus production. Virology, 57: 128-38, 1974.
15. DARLINGTON, C. D. - The plasmagene theory of the origen of cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 2: 118-26, 1948.
16. DARUX, J. L. & SPAHR, P. F. - Binding sites of viral protein p19 onto Rous sarcoma virus RNA and possible controls of viral functions. J. Mal. Biol., 160: 147-61, 1982.
17. FEUPPE, J. M. M. S. - Caracterização das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves: purificação, avaliação da reatividade imunológica e grau de expressão em células normais. Ph.D. Thesis presented to University of São Paulo - Brazil (1985).
18. GREEN, R. W. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Isolation of proteins by gel filtration in 6M guanidinium chloride: application to RNA tumor viruses. Anal. Biochem., 57: 108-17, 1974.
19. GROUDINE, M., EISENMAN, R. & WEINTRAUD, H. - Cromatin structure of endogenous retroviral genomes and activation by an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Nature, 292: 311-7, 1981.
20. HANAFUSA, T., HANAFUSA, H., MIY AMOTO, T. - Recovery of a new virus from apparently normal cells by infection with avian tumor viruses. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 67: 1797-803, 1970.
21. HANAFUSA, T.; HANAFUSA, H.; MIYAMOTO, T. & FLEISSNER, E. - Existence and expression of tumor virus genes in chick embryo cells. Virology, 47,: 775-82, 1972.
22. HANAFUSA, H.; HANAFUSA, T.; KAWAIS, S. & LUGINBUHL, R. E. - Genetic control of expression of endogenous virus genes in chicken cells.
Virology, 58: 439-48, 1977.
23. HARBERS, K.; SCHNlKE, A.; STUHLMANN, H.; JÀHNER, D. & JAENISCH, R. - DNA methylation and gene expression: endogenous retroviral genome becomes infectious after molecular cloning. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 78: 7609-13, 1981.
24. HAYWARD, W. S.; BRAVERMAN, S. B. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Transcriptional products and DNA structure of endogenous avian provirus. Cold. Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 44: 1111-21, 1980.
25. HA YW ARD, W. S.; NEEL, B. G. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in AL V-induced lymphoid leukosiso Nature , 290: 475-80, 1981.
26. HIGUCHI, T. - Caracterização imunológica, por radioimunoensaio das proteínas estruturais dos vírus tumorais do tipo-C. São Paulo, 1975 . ...... p. Tese de Livre-Docência - Instituto de Química, USP.
27. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T.: Characterization of tumor virus proteins. I. Radioymmunoassay of the p27 protein of avian viruses. Rev. bras.
Pesq. med. biol., 10: 1-14, 1977.
28. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T. - Characterization of tumor virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein p30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NKR cells. An. Acad. bras. Ciêne., 49: 337-47, 1977.
29. HISHINUMA, F.; DeBONA, P. J.; ASTRIN, S. & SKALKA, A. M.: Nucleotide sequences of the acceptor site and termini of integrated avian endogenous provirus ev-I: Integration creates a 6pb repeat of host DNA. Cell, 23: 155-64, 1981.
30. HUEBNER, R. M.; KELOFF, G. J.; SARMA, R. S.; LANE, W. T. & TURNER, H. C. - Group specific antigen expression during embryogenesis of the genome of the C-type tumor virus: Implications for ontogenesis and oncogenesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sei.,67: 366-76, 1970.
31. HUEBNER, R. J. & TODARO, G. J. - Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 64: 1087-94, 1969.
32. HUGHES, S. H.; VOGT, P. K.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous proviruses of random-bred chickens and ring-neckcd pheasants: analysis with restriction endonucleases. Yirology,. 108: 222-9, 1981.
33. HUMPHRlES, E. H.; GLOVER, c., WEISS, R. A. & ARRAND, J. R. - Differences between the endogenous and exogenous DNA sequences of Rousassociated vírus-O. Cell, 18: 803-15, 1979.
34. HUNTER, W. M. - The preparation of radiodinated proteins of high activity, their reaction with antibody in virus: The radioimmunoassay. In: WEIR, D. M. - Handbook of experimental immunology, Philadelphia, F. A. DA VIS ed., 1966. p. 608-42.
35. JONES, P. A. & TAYLOR, S. M. - Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell,20: 85-93, 1980.
36. LAEMMLI, U. K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-5, 1970.
37. LEIS, J. P.: McGINNlS, J. & GREEN, R. W. - Rous sarcoma virus p19 binds to specific double-stranded regions of viral RNA: effect of p19 on deavage of viral RNA by RNase III. Virology, 84: 87-98, 1978.
38. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSENBROUGH, N. J., FARR, A. L. & RANDAL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 192: 265-75, 1951.
39. MAIZEL, J. V. - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral proteins. Methodo Virol., 5: 180-244, 1971.
40. MARTIN, M. A.; BRYAN, T.; RASHEED, S. & KHAN, A. S. - Identification and cloning of endogenous retroviral sequences present in human DNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 78: 4992-6, 1981.
41. NEEL, B. G.; HA YW ARD, W. S.; ROBINSON, H. L.; FANG, J. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete viral RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell , 23, 323-34, 1981.
42. NEIMAN, P. E. - Measurement of endogenous leukosis nucleotide sequences in the DNA of normal avian embryos by RNA-DNA hybridization. Virology, 53: 196-204, 1973.
43. OROSLAN, S. & GILDEN, R. V. - Primary structure analysis of retrovirus proteins. In "Molecular Biology of RNA tumor viruses" (J. R. STEPHENSON, ed) pp. 299-344, Academic Press, N.Y. 1980.
44. PAYNE, G. S.; COURTNEIDGE, S. A.; CRITTENDEN, L. B.; FADLY, A. M.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state. Cell, 23: 311-22, 1981.
45. PEPINSKY, R. B. & VOGT, V. M. - Identification of retrovirus matrix proteins by Iipid-protein cross-linking. J. moi. Biol., 131: 819-37, 1979.
46. QUINTRELL, N.; HUGHES, S. H.; VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Structure of viral DNA and RNA in mammalian cells infected with avian sarcoma virus. J. moi. Biol., 143. 363-93, 1980.
47. ROBINSON, H. L. - Inheritance and expression of chicken genes wich are related to avian leukosis sarcoma virus genes. Curr. Top. Microbiol., 53: 1-36, 1978.
48. ROSENTI-IAL, P. N.; ROBINSON, H. L.; ROBINSON, W. S.; HANAFUSA, T. & HANAFUSA, H. - DNA in uninfected and virus-infected cells complementary to avian tumor vírus RNA. Proc. natt. Acad. Sei., 68: 2336-40, 1971.
49. SCHAFFER, W.; FISCHINGER, P. J.; LANGE, J. & PISTER, L. - Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. r. Characterization of various antisera and ser-
ological identification of viral components. Virology, 47: 197-209, 1972.
50. SEN, A. & TODARO, G. J. - The genomeassociated specific RNA biding proteins of avian and mammalian type C viruses. Cell, 10: 91-9, 1977.
51. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Estudo comparativo dos determinantes antigênicos das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves. 1. Isolamento e purificação das proteínas. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 24: 155, 1981.
52. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Studies of the p 15 structural proteins of avian mieloblastosis virus. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 26: M27-308, 1983.
53. STRAND, M. & AUGUST, J. T. - Structural proteins of mammalian oncogenic RNA viruses multiple antigenic determinants of the major structural protein and envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 13: 171-80, 1974.
54. STUHLMAN, H., JAHNER, D.; JAENlSCH, R. - Infectivity and methylation of retroviral genomes is correlated with expression in the animal. C eli, 26: 221-32, 1981.
55. TEMIN, H. M. - The RNA tumor virusesBackground and Foreground. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 1016-20, 1972.
56. VARMUS, H. & LEVINE, A. J. - Readings in tumor virology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1983).
57. VARMUS, H. E.; QUINTRELL, N. & ORITZ, S. Retrovirus as mutagens: insertion and excision of a nontransforming provirus alter expres sion of a
resident transforming provirus. Cell, 25: 23-36, 1981.
58. VOGT, P. K. - Genetics of RNA tumor viruses. In: Comprehensive virology (ed. H. FRAENKELCONRAT and R. R. WAGNER), New York, Plenum Press, 1977. v. 9. p. 341-455.
59. VOGT, P. K. & FRIIS, R. R. - An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(O) : Properties and evidence for helper activity. Virology, 43: 223-34, 1971.
60. WEISS, R. A. & BIGGS, P. M. - Leukosis and marek's diseases of feral red jungle fowl and domestic fowl in malaya. J. natl. Cancer Inst., 49: 1713-25, 1972.
2. ASTRIN, S. M., CRITTENDEN, L. B. & BUSS, E. G.- ev-2, a genetic locus containning structural genes for endogenous virus, codes for Rous-associated virus type-O produced by line 72 chickens. J. Virol., 33: 250-5, 1980.
3. ASTRIN, S. M. & ROBINSON, H. L. - Gs, an allele of chicken for endogenous avian leukosis viral antigens, segregates with ev-3, a genetic locus that contains structural genes for virus. J. Virol., 31: 420-5, 1979.
4. AUGUST, J. T., BOLOGNESI, D. P., FLEISSNER, E., GILDEN, R. V. & NOWINSKI, R. C. - A proposed nomenclature for the virion proteins of oncogenic RNA viruses. Virology, 60: 595-601, 1974.
5. BAKER, B., ROBINSON, H. L., VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Analysis of endogenous avian retrovirus DNA and RNA: viral and cellular determinants of retrovirus gene expression. Virology, 144: 8-22, 1981.
6. BALUDA, M. A. - Widespread presence in chickens of DNA complementary to RNA genome of avian leukosis virus. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 576-80, 1972.
7. BAUER, H. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. II. Serological caracterization. Virology, 42: 1113-26, 1970.
8. BOLOGNESI, D. P. & BAUER, H. - Polipeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. I. Isolation and physical and chemical analysis. Virology, 42: 1097112, 1970.
9. BRADFORD, M. M. - A rapid and sensrtrve method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,72: 248-54, 1976.
10. CALOS, M. P. & MILLER, J. H. - Transposable elements. Gel!,20: 579-95, 1980.
11. CHARMAN, H.; KIM, N. & GILDEN, R. V. - Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of hamster type-C viruses. J. Virol., 14: 910-7, 1974.
12. COHEN, J. C. - Methylation of milk-bome and genetically transmitted mouse mammary tumor vírus proviral DNA. cai, 19: 653-66, 1980.
13. COHEN, J. C.& VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous mammary tumor virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature, 278: 418-23, 1979.
14. CRITTENDEN, L. B.; SMITH, E. J.; WEISS, R. A. & SARMA P. S. - Host gene control of endogenous avian leukosis virus production. Virology, 57: 128-38, 1974.
15. DARLINGTON, C. D. - The plasmagene theory of the origen of cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 2: 118-26, 1948.
16. DARUX, J. L. & SPAHR, P. F. - Binding sites of viral protein p19 onto Rous sarcoma virus RNA and possible controls of viral functions. J. Mal. Biol., 160: 147-61, 1982.
17. FEUPPE, J. M. M. S. - Caracterização das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves: purificação, avaliação da reatividade imunológica e grau de expressão em células normais. Ph.D. Thesis presented to University of São Paulo - Brazil (1985).
18. GREEN, R. W. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Isolation of proteins by gel filtration in 6M guanidinium chloride: application to RNA tumor viruses. Anal. Biochem., 57: 108-17, 1974.
19. GROUDINE, M., EISENMAN, R. & WEINTRAUD, H. - Cromatin structure of endogenous retroviral genomes and activation by an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Nature, 292: 311-7, 1981.
20. HANAFUSA, T., HANAFUSA, H., MIY AMOTO, T. - Recovery of a new virus from apparently normal cells by infection with avian tumor viruses. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 67: 1797-803, 1970.
21. HANAFUSA, T.; HANAFUSA, H.; MIYAMOTO, T. & FLEISSNER, E. - Existence and expression of tumor virus genes in chick embryo cells. Virology, 47,: 775-82, 1972.
22. HANAFUSA, H.; HANAFUSA, T.; KAWAIS, S. & LUGINBUHL, R. E. - Genetic control of expression of endogenous virus genes in chicken cells.
Virology, 58: 439-48, 1977.
23. HARBERS, K.; SCHNlKE, A.; STUHLMANN, H.; JÀHNER, D. & JAENISCH, R. - DNA methylation and gene expression: endogenous retroviral genome becomes infectious after molecular cloning. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 78: 7609-13, 1981.
24. HAYWARD, W. S.; BRAVERMAN, S. B. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Transcriptional products and DNA structure of endogenous avian provirus. Cold. Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 44: 1111-21, 1980.
25. HA YW ARD, W. S.; NEEL, B. G. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in AL V-induced lymphoid leukosiso Nature , 290: 475-80, 1981.
26. HIGUCHI, T. - Caracterização imunológica, por radioimunoensaio das proteínas estruturais dos vírus tumorais do tipo-C. São Paulo, 1975 . ...... p. Tese de Livre-Docência - Instituto de Química, USP.
27. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T.: Characterization of tumor virus proteins. I. Radioymmunoassay of the p27 protein of avian viruses. Rev. bras.
Pesq. med. biol., 10: 1-14, 1977.
28. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T. - Characterization of tumor virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein p30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NKR cells. An. Acad. bras. Ciêne., 49: 337-47, 1977.
29. HISHINUMA, F.; DeBONA, P. J.; ASTRIN, S. & SKALKA, A. M.: Nucleotide sequences of the acceptor site and termini of integrated avian endogenous provirus ev-I: Integration creates a 6pb repeat of host DNA. Cell, 23: 155-64, 1981.
30. HUEBNER, R. M.; KELOFF, G. J.; SARMA, R. S.; LANE, W. T. & TURNER, H. C. - Group specific antigen expression during embryogenesis of the genome of the C-type tumor virus: Implications for ontogenesis and oncogenesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sei.,67: 366-76, 1970.
31. HUEBNER, R. J. & TODARO, G. J. - Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 64: 1087-94, 1969.
32. HUGHES, S. H.; VOGT, P. K.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous proviruses of random-bred chickens and ring-neckcd pheasants: analysis with restriction endonucleases. Yirology,. 108: 222-9, 1981.
33. HUMPHRlES, E. H.; GLOVER, c., WEISS, R. A. & ARRAND, J. R. - Differences between the endogenous and exogenous DNA sequences of Rousassociated vírus-O. Cell, 18: 803-15, 1979.
34. HUNTER, W. M. - The preparation of radiodinated proteins of high activity, their reaction with antibody in virus: The radioimmunoassay. In: WEIR, D. M. - Handbook of experimental immunology, Philadelphia, F. A. DA VIS ed., 1966. p. 608-42.
35. JONES, P. A. & TAYLOR, S. M. - Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell,20: 85-93, 1980.
36. LAEMMLI, U. K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-5, 1970.
37. LEIS, J. P.: McGINNlS, J. & GREEN, R. W. - Rous sarcoma virus p19 binds to specific double-stranded regions of viral RNA: effect of p19 on deavage of viral RNA by RNase III. Virology, 84: 87-98, 1978.
38. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSENBROUGH, N. J., FARR, A. L. & RANDAL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 192: 265-75, 1951.
39. MAIZEL, J. V. - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral proteins. Methodo Virol., 5: 180-244, 1971.
40. MARTIN, M. A.; BRYAN, T.; RASHEED, S. & KHAN, A. S. - Identification and cloning of endogenous retroviral sequences present in human DNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 78: 4992-6, 1981.
41. NEEL, B. G.; HA YW ARD, W. S.; ROBINSON, H. L.; FANG, J. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete viral RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell , 23, 323-34, 1981.
42. NEIMAN, P. E. - Measurement of endogenous leukosis nucleotide sequences in the DNA of normal avian embryos by RNA-DNA hybridization. Virology, 53: 196-204, 1973.
43. OROSLAN, S. & GILDEN, R. V. - Primary structure analysis of retrovirus proteins. In "Molecular Biology of RNA tumor viruses" (J. R. STEPHENSON, ed) pp. 299-344, Academic Press, N.Y. 1980.
44. PAYNE, G. S.; COURTNEIDGE, S. A.; CRITTENDEN, L. B.; FADLY, A. M.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state. Cell, 23: 311-22, 1981.
45. PEPINSKY, R. B. & VOGT, V. M. - Identification of retrovirus matrix proteins by Iipid-protein cross-linking. J. moi. Biol., 131: 819-37, 1979.
46. QUINTRELL, N.; HUGHES, S. H.; VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Structure of viral DNA and RNA in mammalian cells infected with avian sarcoma virus. J. moi. Biol., 143. 363-93, 1980.
47. ROBINSON, H. L. - Inheritance and expression of chicken genes wich are related to avian leukosis sarcoma virus genes. Curr. Top. Microbiol., 53: 1-36, 1978.
48. ROSENTI-IAL, P. N.; ROBINSON, H. L.; ROBINSON, W. S.; HANAFUSA, T. & HANAFUSA, H. - DNA in uninfected and virus-infected cells complementary to avian tumor vírus RNA. Proc. natt. Acad. Sei., 68: 2336-40, 1971.
49. SCHAFFER, W.; FISCHINGER, P. J.; LANGE, J. & PISTER, L. - Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. r. Characterization of various antisera and ser-
ological identification of viral components. Virology, 47: 197-209, 1972.
50. SEN, A. & TODARO, G. J. - The genomeassociated specific RNA biding proteins of avian and mammalian type C viruses. Cell, 10: 91-9, 1977.
51. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Estudo comparativo dos determinantes antigênicos das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves. 1. Isolamento e purificação das proteínas. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 24: 155, 1981.
52. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Studies of the p 15 structural proteins of avian mieloblastosis virus. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 26: M27-308, 1983.
53. STRAND, M. & AUGUST, J. T. - Structural proteins of mammalian oncogenic RNA viruses multiple antigenic determinants of the major structural protein and envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 13: 171-80, 1974.
54. STUHLMAN, H., JAHNER, D.; JAENlSCH, R. - Infectivity and methylation of retroviral genomes is correlated with expression in the animal. C eli, 26: 221-32, 1981.
55. TEMIN, H. M. - The RNA tumor virusesBackground and Foreground. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 1016-20, 1972.
56. VARMUS, H. & LEVINE, A. J. - Readings in tumor virology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1983).
57. VARMUS, H. E.; QUINTRELL, N. & ORITZ, S. Retrovirus as mutagens: insertion and excision of a nontransforming provirus alter expres sion of a
resident transforming provirus. Cell, 25: 23-36, 1981.
58. VOGT, P. K. - Genetics of RNA tumor viruses. In: Comprehensive virology (ed. H. FRAENKELCONRAT and R. R. WAGNER), New York, Plenum Press, 1977. v. 9. p. 341-455.
59. VOGT, P. K. & FRIIS, R. R. - An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(O) : Properties and evidence for helper activity. Virology, 43: 223-34, 1971.
60. WEISS, R. A. & BIGGS, P. M. - Leukosis and marek's diseases of feral red jungle fowl and domestic fowl in malaya. J. natl. Cancer Inst., 49: 1713-25, 1972.
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Copyright (c) 1989 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal
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