Palabras clave
Retrovírus
vírus endógeno
expressão de vírus endógenos
RIA
vírus endógeno
expressão de vírus endógenos
RIA
Cómo citar
1.
Souza-Felippe JMM de, Higuchi T. Expressão das proteínas p27 e p19 de vírus de leucose aviária em células não infectadas de galinha, pato e marreco. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz [Internet]. 29 de diciembre de 1989 [citado 20 de mayo de 2024];49(2):169-78. Disponible en: https://periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br/RIAL/article/view/36952
Resumen
Células animais normais, não infectadas, apresentam uma característica única; a presença em seu genoma de genes (provirus) idênticos ou estritamente relacionados a retrovirus exógenos infecciosos. O nível de expressão destes genes varia de indivíduo para indivíduo: do silêncio completo até a produção de partículas virais, Proteínas de vírus endógenos e exógenos foram purificadas a partir de vírus sonicados e passados em coluna de Sepharose 6B saturada com GuHCI 6M. A presença de equivalentes dos antígenos p27 e p 19 foi analisada por radioimunoensaio. A presença de componentes de vírus endógenos foi investigada em CEF, coração, cérebro, músculo de asa e músculo de coxa de galinha, codorna e marreco. A função ou significado destas proteínas é desconhecida. Fatores ambientais, hormonais e imunológicos necessitam ser estudados.
Citas
1. ASTRIN, S. M. - Endogenous viral genes of white Leghom chickens: common site of residence and sites associated with specific phenotypes of viral gene expression. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 75: 5941-5, 1978.
2. ASTRIN, S. M., CRITTENDEN, L. B. & BUSS, E. G.- ev-2, a genetic locus containning structural genes for endogenous virus, codes for Rous-associated virus type-O produced by line 72 chickens. J. Virol., 33: 250-5, 1980.
3. ASTRIN, S. M. & ROBINSON, H. L. - Gs, an allele of chicken for endogenous avian leukosis viral antigens, segregates with ev-3, a genetic locus that contains structural genes for virus. J. Virol., 31: 420-5, 1979.
4. AUGUST, J. T., BOLOGNESI, D. P., FLEISSNER, E., GILDEN, R. V. & NOWINSKI, R. C. - A proposed nomenclature for the virion proteins of oncogenic RNA viruses. Virology, 60: 595-601, 1974.
5. BAKER, B., ROBINSON, H. L., VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Analysis of endogenous avian retrovirus DNA and RNA: viral and cellular determinants of retrovirus gene expression. Virology, 144: 8-22, 1981.
6. BALUDA, M. A. - Widespread presence in chickens of DNA complementary to RNA genome of avian leukosis virus. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 576-80, 1972.
7. BAUER, H. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. II. Serological caracterization. Virology, 42: 1113-26, 1970.
8. BOLOGNESI, D. P. & BAUER, H. - Polipeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. I. Isolation and physical and chemical analysis. Virology, 42: 1097112, 1970.
9. BRADFORD, M. M. - A rapid and sensrtrve method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,72: 248-54, 1976.
10. CALOS, M. P. & MILLER, J. H. - Transposable elements. Gel!,20: 579-95, 1980.
11. CHARMAN, H.; KIM, N. & GILDEN, R. V. - Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of hamster type-C viruses. J. Virol., 14: 910-7, 1974.
12. COHEN, J. C. - Methylation of milk-bome and genetically transmitted mouse mammary tumor vírus proviral DNA. cai, 19: 653-66, 1980.
13. COHEN, J. C.& VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous mammary tumor virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature, 278: 418-23, 1979.
14. CRITTENDEN, L. B.; SMITH, E. J.; WEISS, R. A. & SARMA P. S. - Host gene control of endogenous avian leukosis virus production. Virology, 57: 128-38, 1974.
15. DARLINGTON, C. D. - The plasmagene theory of the origen of cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 2: 118-26, 1948.
16. DARUX, J. L. & SPAHR, P. F. - Binding sites of viral protein p19 onto Rous sarcoma virus RNA and possible controls of viral functions. J. Mal. Biol., 160: 147-61, 1982.
17. FEUPPE, J. M. M. S. - Caracterização das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves: purificação, avaliação da reatividade imunológica e grau de expressão em células normais. Ph.D. Thesis presented to University of São Paulo - Brazil (1985).
18. GREEN, R. W. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Isolation of proteins by gel filtration in 6M guanidinium chloride: application to RNA tumor viruses. Anal. Biochem., 57: 108-17, 1974.
19. GROUDINE, M., EISENMAN, R. & WEINTRAUD, H. - Cromatin structure of endogenous retroviral genomes and activation by an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Nature, 292: 311-7, 1981.
20. HANAFUSA, T., HANAFUSA, H., MIY AMOTO, T. - Recovery of a new virus from apparently normal cells by infection with avian tumor viruses. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 67: 1797-803, 1970.
21. HANAFUSA, T.; HANAFUSA, H.; MIYAMOTO, T. & FLEISSNER, E. - Existence and expression of tumor virus genes in chick embryo cells. Virology, 47,: 775-82, 1972.
22. HANAFUSA, H.; HANAFUSA, T.; KAWAIS, S. & LUGINBUHL, R. E. - Genetic control of expression of endogenous virus genes in chicken cells.
Virology, 58: 439-48, 1977.
23. HARBERS, K.; SCHNlKE, A.; STUHLMANN, H.; JÀHNER, D. & JAENISCH, R. - DNA methylation and gene expression: endogenous retroviral genome becomes infectious after molecular cloning. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 78: 7609-13, 1981.
24. HAYWARD, W. S.; BRAVERMAN, S. B. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Transcriptional products and DNA structure of endogenous avian provirus. Cold. Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 44: 1111-21, 1980.
25. HA YW ARD, W. S.; NEEL, B. G. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in AL V-induced lymphoid leukosiso Nature , 290: 475-80, 1981.
26. HIGUCHI, T. - Caracterização imunológica, por radioimunoensaio das proteínas estruturais dos vírus tumorais do tipo-C. São Paulo, 1975 . ...... p. Tese de Livre-Docência - Instituto de Química, USP.
27. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T.: Characterization of tumor virus proteins. I. Radioymmunoassay of the p27 protein of avian viruses. Rev. bras.
Pesq. med. biol., 10: 1-14, 1977.
28. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T. - Characterization of tumor virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein p30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NKR cells. An. Acad. bras. Ciêne., 49: 337-47, 1977.
29. HISHINUMA, F.; DeBONA, P. J.; ASTRIN, S. & SKALKA, A. M.: Nucleotide sequences of the acceptor site and termini of integrated avian endogenous provirus ev-I: Integration creates a 6pb repeat of host DNA. Cell, 23: 155-64, 1981.
30. HUEBNER, R. M.; KELOFF, G. J.; SARMA, R. S.; LANE, W. T. & TURNER, H. C. - Group specific antigen expression during embryogenesis of the genome of the C-type tumor virus: Implications for ontogenesis and oncogenesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sei.,67: 366-76, 1970.
31. HUEBNER, R. J. & TODARO, G. J. - Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 64: 1087-94, 1969.
32. HUGHES, S. H.; VOGT, P. K.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous proviruses of random-bred chickens and ring-neckcd pheasants: analysis with restriction endonucleases. Yirology,. 108: 222-9, 1981.
33. HUMPHRlES, E. H.; GLOVER, c., WEISS, R. A. & ARRAND, J. R. - Differences between the endogenous and exogenous DNA sequences of Rousassociated vírus-O. Cell, 18: 803-15, 1979.
34. HUNTER, W. M. - The preparation of radiodinated proteins of high activity, their reaction with antibody in virus: The radioimmunoassay. In: WEIR, D. M. - Handbook of experimental immunology, Philadelphia, F. A. DA VIS ed., 1966. p. 608-42.
35. JONES, P. A. & TAYLOR, S. M. - Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell,20: 85-93, 1980.
36. LAEMMLI, U. K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-5, 1970.
37. LEIS, J. P.: McGINNlS, J. & GREEN, R. W. - Rous sarcoma virus p19 binds to specific double-stranded regions of viral RNA: effect of p19 on deavage of viral RNA by RNase III. Virology, 84: 87-98, 1978.
38. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSENBROUGH, N. J., FARR, A. L. & RANDAL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 192: 265-75, 1951.
39. MAIZEL, J. V. - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral proteins. Methodo Virol., 5: 180-244, 1971.
40. MARTIN, M. A.; BRYAN, T.; RASHEED, S. & KHAN, A. S. - Identification and cloning of endogenous retroviral sequences present in human DNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 78: 4992-6, 1981.
41. NEEL, B. G.; HA YW ARD, W. S.; ROBINSON, H. L.; FANG, J. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete viral RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell , 23, 323-34, 1981.
42. NEIMAN, P. E. - Measurement of endogenous leukosis nucleotide sequences in the DNA of normal avian embryos by RNA-DNA hybridization. Virology, 53: 196-204, 1973.
43. OROSLAN, S. & GILDEN, R. V. - Primary structure analysis of retrovirus proteins. In "Molecular Biology of RNA tumor viruses" (J. R. STEPHENSON, ed) pp. 299-344, Academic Press, N.Y. 1980.
44. PAYNE, G. S.; COURTNEIDGE, S. A.; CRITTENDEN, L. B.; FADLY, A. M.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state. Cell, 23: 311-22, 1981.
45. PEPINSKY, R. B. & VOGT, V. M. - Identification of retrovirus matrix proteins by Iipid-protein cross-linking. J. moi. Biol., 131: 819-37, 1979.
46. QUINTRELL, N.; HUGHES, S. H.; VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Structure of viral DNA and RNA in mammalian cells infected with avian sarcoma virus. J. moi. Biol., 143. 363-93, 1980.
47. ROBINSON, H. L. - Inheritance and expression of chicken genes wich are related to avian leukosis sarcoma virus genes. Curr. Top. Microbiol., 53: 1-36, 1978.
48. ROSENTI-IAL, P. N.; ROBINSON, H. L.; ROBINSON, W. S.; HANAFUSA, T. & HANAFUSA, H. - DNA in uninfected and virus-infected cells complementary to avian tumor vírus RNA. Proc. natt. Acad. Sei., 68: 2336-40, 1971.
49. SCHAFFER, W.; FISCHINGER, P. J.; LANGE, J. & PISTER, L. - Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. r. Characterization of various antisera and ser-
ological identification of viral components. Virology, 47: 197-209, 1972.
50. SEN, A. & TODARO, G. J. - The genomeassociated specific RNA biding proteins of avian and mammalian type C viruses. Cell, 10: 91-9, 1977.
51. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Estudo comparativo dos determinantes antigênicos das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves. 1. Isolamento e purificação das proteínas. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 24: 155, 1981.
52. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Studies of the p 15 structural proteins of avian mieloblastosis virus. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 26: M27-308, 1983.
53. STRAND, M. & AUGUST, J. T. - Structural proteins of mammalian oncogenic RNA viruses multiple antigenic determinants of the major structural protein and envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 13: 171-80, 1974.
54. STUHLMAN, H., JAHNER, D.; JAENlSCH, R. - Infectivity and methylation of retroviral genomes is correlated with expression in the animal. C eli, 26: 221-32, 1981.
55. TEMIN, H. M. - The RNA tumor virusesBackground and Foreground. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 1016-20, 1972.
56. VARMUS, H. & LEVINE, A. J. - Readings in tumor virology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1983).
57. VARMUS, H. E.; QUINTRELL, N. & ORITZ, S. Retrovirus as mutagens: insertion and excision of a nontransforming provirus alter expres sion of a
resident transforming provirus. Cell, 25: 23-36, 1981.
58. VOGT, P. K. - Genetics of RNA tumor viruses. In: Comprehensive virology (ed. H. FRAENKELCONRAT and R. R. WAGNER), New York, Plenum Press, 1977. v. 9. p. 341-455.
59. VOGT, P. K. & FRIIS, R. R. - An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(O) : Properties and evidence for helper activity. Virology, 43: 223-34, 1971.
60. WEISS, R. A. & BIGGS, P. M. - Leukosis and marek's diseases of feral red jungle fowl and domestic fowl in malaya. J. natl. Cancer Inst., 49: 1713-25, 1972.
2. ASTRIN, S. M., CRITTENDEN, L. B. & BUSS, E. G.- ev-2, a genetic locus containning structural genes for endogenous virus, codes for Rous-associated virus type-O produced by line 72 chickens. J. Virol., 33: 250-5, 1980.
3. ASTRIN, S. M. & ROBINSON, H. L. - Gs, an allele of chicken for endogenous avian leukosis viral antigens, segregates with ev-3, a genetic locus that contains structural genes for virus. J. Virol., 31: 420-5, 1979.
4. AUGUST, J. T., BOLOGNESI, D. P., FLEISSNER, E., GILDEN, R. V. & NOWINSKI, R. C. - A proposed nomenclature for the virion proteins of oncogenic RNA viruses. Virology, 60: 595-601, 1974.
5. BAKER, B., ROBINSON, H. L., VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Analysis of endogenous avian retrovirus DNA and RNA: viral and cellular determinants of retrovirus gene expression. Virology, 144: 8-22, 1981.
6. BALUDA, M. A. - Widespread presence in chickens of DNA complementary to RNA genome of avian leukosis virus. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 576-80, 1972.
7. BAUER, H. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. II. Serological caracterization. Virology, 42: 1113-26, 1970.
8. BOLOGNESI, D. P. & BAUER, H. - Polipeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. I. Isolation and physical and chemical analysis. Virology, 42: 1097112, 1970.
9. BRADFORD, M. M. - A rapid and sensrtrve method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal. Biochem.,72: 248-54, 1976.
10. CALOS, M. P. & MILLER, J. H. - Transposable elements. Gel!,20: 579-95, 1980.
11. CHARMAN, H.; KIM, N. & GILDEN, R. V. - Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of hamster type-C viruses. J. Virol., 14: 910-7, 1974.
12. COHEN, J. C. - Methylation of milk-bome and genetically transmitted mouse mammary tumor vírus proviral DNA. cai, 19: 653-66, 1980.
13. COHEN, J. C.& VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous mammary tumor virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature, 278: 418-23, 1979.
14. CRITTENDEN, L. B.; SMITH, E. J.; WEISS, R. A. & SARMA P. S. - Host gene control of endogenous avian leukosis virus production. Virology, 57: 128-38, 1974.
15. DARLINGTON, C. D. - The plasmagene theory of the origen of cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 2: 118-26, 1948.
16. DARUX, J. L. & SPAHR, P. F. - Binding sites of viral protein p19 onto Rous sarcoma virus RNA and possible controls of viral functions. J. Mal. Biol., 160: 147-61, 1982.
17. FEUPPE, J. M. M. S. - Caracterização das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves: purificação, avaliação da reatividade imunológica e grau de expressão em células normais. Ph.D. Thesis presented to University of São Paulo - Brazil (1985).
18. GREEN, R. W. & BOLOGNESI, D. P. - Isolation of proteins by gel filtration in 6M guanidinium chloride: application to RNA tumor viruses. Anal. Biochem., 57: 108-17, 1974.
19. GROUDINE, M., EISENMAN, R. & WEINTRAUD, H. - Cromatin structure of endogenous retroviral genomes and activation by an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Nature, 292: 311-7, 1981.
20. HANAFUSA, T., HANAFUSA, H., MIY AMOTO, T. - Recovery of a new virus from apparently normal cells by infection with avian tumor viruses. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 67: 1797-803, 1970.
21. HANAFUSA, T.; HANAFUSA, H.; MIYAMOTO, T. & FLEISSNER, E. - Existence and expression of tumor virus genes in chick embryo cells. Virology, 47,: 775-82, 1972.
22. HANAFUSA, H.; HANAFUSA, T.; KAWAIS, S. & LUGINBUHL, R. E. - Genetic control of expression of endogenous virus genes in chicken cells.
Virology, 58: 439-48, 1977.
23. HARBERS, K.; SCHNlKE, A.; STUHLMANN, H.; JÀHNER, D. & JAENISCH, R. - DNA methylation and gene expression: endogenous retroviral genome becomes infectious after molecular cloning. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 78: 7609-13, 1981.
24. HAYWARD, W. S.; BRAVERMAN, S. B. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Transcriptional products and DNA structure of endogenous avian provirus. Cold. Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 44: 1111-21, 1980.
25. HA YW ARD, W. S.; NEEL, B. G. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in AL V-induced lymphoid leukosiso Nature , 290: 475-80, 1981.
26. HIGUCHI, T. - Caracterização imunológica, por radioimunoensaio das proteínas estruturais dos vírus tumorais do tipo-C. São Paulo, 1975 . ...... p. Tese de Livre-Docência - Instituto de Química, USP.
27. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T.: Characterization of tumor virus proteins. I. Radioymmunoassay of the p27 protein of avian viruses. Rev. bras.
Pesq. med. biol., 10: 1-14, 1977.
28. HIGUCHI, T. & AUGUST, J. T. - Characterization of tumor virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein p30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NKR cells. An. Acad. bras. Ciêne., 49: 337-47, 1977.
29. HISHINUMA, F.; DeBONA, P. J.; ASTRIN, S. & SKALKA, A. M.: Nucleotide sequences of the acceptor site and termini of integrated avian endogenous provirus ev-I: Integration creates a 6pb repeat of host DNA. Cell, 23: 155-64, 1981.
30. HUEBNER, R. M.; KELOFF, G. J.; SARMA, R. S.; LANE, W. T. & TURNER, H. C. - Group specific antigen expression during embryogenesis of the genome of the C-type tumor virus: Implications for ontogenesis and oncogenesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sei.,67: 366-76, 1970.
31. HUEBNER, R. J. & TODARO, G. J. - Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 64: 1087-94, 1969.
32. HUGHES, S. H.; VOGT, P. K.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Endogenous proviruses of random-bred chickens and ring-neckcd pheasants: analysis with restriction endonucleases. Yirology,. 108: 222-9, 1981.
33. HUMPHRlES, E. H.; GLOVER, c., WEISS, R. A. & ARRAND, J. R. - Differences between the endogenous and exogenous DNA sequences of Rousassociated vírus-O. Cell, 18: 803-15, 1979.
34. HUNTER, W. M. - The preparation of radiodinated proteins of high activity, their reaction with antibody in virus: The radioimmunoassay. In: WEIR, D. M. - Handbook of experimental immunology, Philadelphia, F. A. DA VIS ed., 1966. p. 608-42.
35. JONES, P. A. & TAYLOR, S. M. - Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell,20: 85-93, 1980.
36. LAEMMLI, U. K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-5, 1970.
37. LEIS, J. P.: McGINNlS, J. & GREEN, R. W. - Rous sarcoma virus p19 binds to specific double-stranded regions of viral RNA: effect of p19 on deavage of viral RNA by RNase III. Virology, 84: 87-98, 1978.
38. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSENBROUGH, N. J., FARR, A. L. & RANDAL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 192: 265-75, 1951.
39. MAIZEL, J. V. - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral proteins. Methodo Virol., 5: 180-244, 1971.
40. MARTIN, M. A.; BRYAN, T.; RASHEED, S. & KHAN, A. S. - Identification and cloning of endogenous retroviral sequences present in human DNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 78: 4992-6, 1981.
41. NEEL, B. G.; HA YW ARD, W. S.; ROBINSON, H. L.; FANG, J. & ASTRIN, S. M. - Avian leukosis virus-induced tumors have common proviral integration sites and synthesize discrete viral RNAs: oncogenesis by promoter insertion. Cell , 23, 323-34, 1981.
42. NEIMAN, P. E. - Measurement of endogenous leukosis nucleotide sequences in the DNA of normal avian embryos by RNA-DNA hybridization. Virology, 53: 196-204, 1973.
43. OROSLAN, S. & GILDEN, R. V. - Primary structure analysis of retrovirus proteins. In "Molecular Biology of RNA tumor viruses" (J. R. STEPHENSON, ed) pp. 299-344, Academic Press, N.Y. 1980.
44. PAYNE, G. S.; COURTNEIDGE, S. A.; CRITTENDEN, L. B.; FADLY, A. M.; BISHOP, J. M. & VARMUS, H. E. - Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state. Cell, 23: 311-22, 1981.
45. PEPINSKY, R. B. & VOGT, V. M. - Identification of retrovirus matrix proteins by Iipid-protein cross-linking. J. moi. Biol., 131: 819-37, 1979.
46. QUINTRELL, N.; HUGHES, S. H.; VARMUS, H. E. & BISHOP, J. M. - Structure of viral DNA and RNA in mammalian cells infected with avian sarcoma virus. J. moi. Biol., 143. 363-93, 1980.
47. ROBINSON, H. L. - Inheritance and expression of chicken genes wich are related to avian leukosis sarcoma virus genes. Curr. Top. Microbiol., 53: 1-36, 1978.
48. ROSENTI-IAL, P. N.; ROBINSON, H. L.; ROBINSON, W. S.; HANAFUSA, T. & HANAFUSA, H. - DNA in uninfected and virus-infected cells complementary to avian tumor vírus RNA. Proc. natt. Acad. Sei., 68: 2336-40, 1971.
49. SCHAFFER, W.; FISCHINGER, P. J.; LANGE, J. & PISTER, L. - Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. r. Characterization of various antisera and ser-
ological identification of viral components. Virology, 47: 197-209, 1972.
50. SEN, A. & TODARO, G. J. - The genomeassociated specific RNA biding proteins of avian and mammalian type C viruses. Cell, 10: 91-9, 1977.
51. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Estudo comparativo dos determinantes antigênicos das proteínas estruturais dos retrovirus de aves. 1. Isolamento e purificação das proteínas. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 24: 155, 1981.
52. SOUZA, J. M. M. & HIGUCHI, T. - Studies of the p 15 structural proteins of avian mieloblastosis virus. Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 26: M27-308, 1983.
53. STRAND, M. & AUGUST, J. T. - Structural proteins of mammalian oncogenic RNA viruses multiple antigenic determinants of the major structural protein and envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 13: 171-80, 1974.
54. STUHLMAN, H., JAHNER, D.; JAENlSCH, R. - Infectivity and methylation of retroviral genomes is correlated with expression in the animal. C eli, 26: 221-32, 1981.
55. TEMIN, H. M. - The RNA tumor virusesBackground and Foreground. Proc. nato Acad. Sci., 69: 1016-20, 1972.
56. VARMUS, H. & LEVINE, A. J. - Readings in tumor virology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1983).
57. VARMUS, H. E.; QUINTRELL, N. & ORITZ, S. Retrovirus as mutagens: insertion and excision of a nontransforming provirus alter expres sion of a
resident transforming provirus. Cell, 25: 23-36, 1981.
58. VOGT, P. K. - Genetics of RNA tumor viruses. In: Comprehensive virology (ed. H. FRAENKELCONRAT and R. R. WAGNER), New York, Plenum Press, 1977. v. 9. p. 341-455.
59. VOGT, P. K. & FRIIS, R. R. - An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(O) : Properties and evidence for helper activity. Virology, 43: 223-34, 1971.
60. WEISS, R. A. & BIGGS, P. M. - Leukosis and marek's diseases of feral red jungle fowl and domestic fowl in malaya. J. natl. Cancer Inst., 49: 1713-25, 1972.
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