Keywords
ethylene-bisdithiocarbamate
mancozeb
dithiocarbamate
pesticides
foods
papaya
public health
environment
How to Cite
Abstract
Ethylenethiourea (ETU) is a toxic substance formed during degradation and/or biotransformation of ethylene-bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides, which are employed in foods. Presence of this substance may represent a risk to populations who consume fruits and other foods. The objectives of the present study were to validate the analytical methods for determining dithiocarbamates and ETU levels in papaya, and to determine the levels of both mancozeb and ETU residues in papaya Carica papaya L, and also to evaluate the association between the detected levels and the risk to the public health. The levels were determined by means of spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography was employed for determining ETU samples treated or non-treated with mancozeb were collected from three sites that are representative of papaya cultivation. The recovery studies showed a range from 70 to 110% for mancozeb, and from 80 to 110% for ETU with coefficients of variation ranging from 3.7 to 13.3% for ETU and from 4.8 to 13.2% for mancozeb, being all of them satisfactory. The method quantification limits was 0.5 mg/kg for mancozeb determination, and 0.01 mg/kg for ETU. All samples treated with mancozeb presented ETU residues ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.32 mg/kg, and mancozeb levels ranged from 0.5 mg/kg to 2.1 mg/kg. The presence of ETU in papaya observed in the present study is a warning that is necessary to be acquainted with the occurrence of this substance in foods consumed by population.References
1. Mestres R, Mestres G. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and ethylenethiourea residues in food. Rev Bras Toxicol 1991; 4(1/2): 11-8.
2. [WHO] World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 78.Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ethylenethiourea, and propylenethiourea: a general introduction. Geneva; 1988.
3. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Portaria n° 03, de 16 de janeiro de 1992. Ratifica os termos das “Diretrizes eorientações referentes à autorização de registros, renovação de registroe extensão de uso de produtos agrotóxicos e afins n° de 09 de dezembro de 1991”. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 04 fev. 1992 p.1356.
4. Elia MC, Arce G, Hurt SS, Neill PJ, Scribner HE. The genetic toxicology of ethylenethiourea: a case study concerning the evaluation of achemical’s genotoxic potential. Mut Res 1995; 341:141-9.
5. Triverdi N, Kakkar R, Srivastava MK, Mithal A, Rauzadam RB. Effect of oral administration of fungicide-mancozeb on thyroid gland of rat.Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31: 564-6.
6. Yoshida A, Harada T, Maita K. Tumor induction by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite im mice. ToxicolPathol 1993; 21:303-1.
7. Yoshida A, Harada T, Hayashi S, Mori I, Miyajima H, Maita K. Endometrial carcinogenesis induced by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite in mice. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:2311-8.
8. Nebbia C, Ferrero E, Valenza F, Castagnaro M, Re G, Soffietti MG. Pathologic changes, tissue distribution and extent of conversion toethylenethiourea after subacute administration of zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (zineb) to calves with immature rumen function. AmJ Vet Res 1991; 52:1717-22.
9. [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. Genetic andrelated effects. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Hum Suppl 1987;6:304-7.
10. [JMPR] Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Groupon Pesticide Residues; 1993 Sept 20-29; Geneve. Report. Geneva:FAO; 1994. (FAO Plant Production and Protection.
11. [FAO/WHO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization. Food Standards Programme CodexAlimentarius Commission. Pesticide residues in food. Rome; 1994. v.2.
12. [FAO/WHO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization. Food Standards Programme CodexAlimentarius Commission. Pesticide residues in food: maximum residuelimits. Rome; 1998 v. 2B.
13. Ministério da Saúde. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução-RE nº 165, de 29 de agosto de 2003. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília,02 de set. 2003. p.48-50.
14. [SEAGRI] Secretaria da Agricultura, Irrigação e Reforma Agrária da Bahia. Cultura mamão. Disponível em http://www.seagri.ba.gov.br> [2003 abr 6]
15. Silva EMF da, coordenador. Estudo sobre o mercado de frutas. Brasília:FIPE, 1999.
16. [IBGE] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 1995-1996. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério doPlanejamento e Orçamento; 1998. v.2.
17. [IBGE] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA. Disponível em http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br> [2003 maio 7]
18. Toledo HHB, Steling CM, Gojtan Jr E, Baptitsta GC, Aleluia I, LangeJr L et al. Manual: critérios mínimos para a condução de estudos de resíduos. São Paulo: GARP; 2002. 2 Pt.
19. Diserens H. Determination of ethylenethiourea in various foods. LabNews 1991; 62:69-80.
20. Thier H, Zeumer H, editors. Multiresidue method S15 - dithiocarbamateand thiuram disulfide fungicides photometric determination. In: Manualof pesticide residues analysis. Deutsche. Forschungsgemeinschaft, Pesticides Comm. Weinhein: Verlag; 1987. v. I. p. 353-60.
21. European Commision. Directorate General health and Consumer Protection. Guidance document on residual analytical methods: SANCO/825/00 rev. 6. 2000.
22. [FAO/WHO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations/World Health Organization. Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission. Good laboratory practice onpesticide residue in food. Rome; 1993. Suppl 1. v. 2. Section 4.2,164.
23. [EPA] Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Prevention, Pesticide and Toxic Substances. Residue chemistry test guidelines. Washington; 1996.
24. [MAFF] Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food. Advisory Committee on Pesticides. Position document on consumer risk arisingfrom the use of ethylene bisdithiocarbamates. London: 1990.
25. De Kok A. Control of pesticide residues in food European model. In:Procedings of Workshop Control of Pesticide Residues in Food European Model; 1999 out 4-6; Araraquara, (BR). São Paulo: GARP; 1999.
26. Soares IAA, Goulart MCP, Queiroz RL, Mello SMM, Ávila JT, Azevedo SF. Resíduos de fungicidas orgânicos do grupo dos ditiocarbamatos em frutas e hortaliças. Minas Gerais: Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura ePecuária; 1987. p. 99-100.
27. Pereira EC. Resíduos de fungicidas orgânicos do grupo dosditiocarbamatos em frutas e outros produtos de origem vegetal. RevSoc Bras Toxicol 1988; 1(1/2):41-3.
28. Reis MRCS, Caldas LQA. Dithicarbamate residues found on vegetablesand fruit marketed in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ciênc Cult1991; 43 (3):212-8.
29. Conceição MH. Resíduos de pesticidas em tomates: metodologia analítica e avaliação da exposição humana. Brasília; 2002. [Tese de Doutorado – Instituto de Química da Universidade de Brasília].
30. [ANVISA] Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos – PARA. Resultados analíticos de 2002. Brasília; 2003. Disponível em URL:http://www.anvisa.gov.br/toxicologia/residuos/resl_anual_2002_ an2.pdf [2003 nov 15]
31. [ANVISA] Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Toxicologia. Disponível em http://www.anvisa.gov.br> [2003 jun 13]
32. Araújo ACP. Importância da análise de resíduos de praguicidas paraações de saúde pública: estudo da cultura do tomate no Estado de Pernambuco. São Paulo; 1998. [Tese de Doutorado - Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo].
33. Richardson M. Pesticides - friend or foe? Wat Sci Technol 1998;37(8):19-25.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2005 Instituto Adolfo Lutz Journal